scholarly journals HEREDITARY LOAD IN MEAT AND EGG CHICKENS OF VARIOUS ORIGIN

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
V. P. Khvostik
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Genetic Defects ◽  
Synthetic Population ◽  
Hereditary Defect ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Genetic Burden ◽  
Lethal Genes

The aim of the study was to determine the spectrum and frequency of hereditary genetic defects of embryo development in meat and egg hens of different genetic origin, obtained during an experiment to study the effectiveness of crossing roosters of imported meat crosses with meat and egg females of domestic selection. All embryos that died during egg incubation were carefully examined to detect morphopathology. The main research method is pathomorphological analysis of genetic defects of dead embryos. The spectrum and frequency of morphological and anatomical hereditary defects of embryos were established during pathological and anatomical examination of incubation waste. During the autopsy of dead embryos, morphological disorders in the structure of the skeleton were determined, as well as various disproportions of its individual parts. In the meat-egg hens of the original maternal form during three years of monitoring with the highest frequency (2.11–6.06%) revealed such a defect in embryo development as "donald duck". This indicates that the bird is "contaminated" with a "harmful gene" that causes this abnormality. It is worth noting that in groups of chickens that were artificially inseminated with the semen of roosters of meat crosses, this hereditary defect was also recorded. In the descendants of the first and second generations, this anomaly was absent, possibly due to its transition to a heterozygous state. Thus, we can conclude that the allele that expresses this lethal has in its genotype a bird of the local subpopulation "K". Only in meat and egg hens of domestic selection a wide variety of double anomalies was found – four species with a frequency of 1.05–1.12%. Most likely, double abnormalities are the result of homozygosity of dead embryos simultaneously for two lethal genes. Whereas, in chickens of other studied groups, only single anomalies of dead embryos were found, among them "exencephaly", "crossed beak", "shortened beak". Genetic defect of embryos "exencephaly" was found in chickens of most groups. It is obvious that the gene that determines the manifestation of this anomaly is significantly distributed in meat and egg hens of domestic selection and roosters used crosses. And in chickens of the created synthetic population "K-5" only this hereditary defect is revealed. In meat and egg hens of subpopulation "K" (F10) of the original maternal form and in the group of females, which were inseminated with polysperm of meat cocks of the cross "Cobb-500", with a low frequency (0.78–1.12%) a single "crossed beak" anomaly was found among the frozen embryos. This anomaly was not detected in the offspring of the first generation and in groups of chickens inseminated with semen of overripe brood stock. And only in the "cobb" bird of the "K-51" group among the hereditary defects of the dead embryos was this anomaly identified. In meat-egg hens of F10 subpopulation "K" with a low frequency (1.12%) was found a hereditary defect of embryos "shortened beak". Then this anomaly was found only in the "cobb" bird of both the first and second generation. The data show that the hereditary factor that determines this defect, the descendants inherited from the cocks of the cross "Cobb-500". The level of genetic burden in meat and egg hens of the local subpopulation "K", depending on the generation, ranged from 5.26 to 8.99% and was wavy in nature. In the descendants of the first generation it is low – 1.64–4.17%, in the "ross" crossbreeds is much smaller compared to the "cobb". The descendants of the second generation of different origins also had a low hereditary burden – in the range of 4.35–5.88%, which does not exceed the maximum allowable species value of 8.0%. The results of the research showed that crossing meat-egg hens of domestic selection with roosters of imported meat crosses "Cobb-500" and "Ross-308" did not lead to significant "contamination" of genotypes of F1-F2 offspring with lethal genes. This indicates a low share in the heredity of the used offspring of hidden carriers of "defective" genes. This may be due to the high selection of birds of foreign crosses, which does not contribute to the accumulation in its gene pool of lethal genes that cause embryonic developmental abnormalities. In chickens of the created synthetic population "K-5" the level of genetic burden is low (3.03%), which indicates the relative "purity" of this bird from lethal genes.

scholarly journals Hereditary burden in poultry of different species of the Ukrainian gene pool

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Viktor Khvostyk
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Double Mutation ◽  
Morphological Abnormalities ◽  
Paternal Line ◽  
Original Family ◽  
White Plumage ◽  
Genetic Burden ◽  
Lethal Genes

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to continually conduct autopsy analysis of dead embryos as an integral part of genetic monitoring of harmful mutations, which may reduce the level of genetic burden in the gene pool of poultry. The study was conducted on poultry of different species of the Ukrainian gene pool: chickens of meat and egg area of productivity, turkeys of the original family lines of the Kharkiv crossing. The purpose of the study was to determine the spectrum and frequency of manifestation of hereditary genetic defects in the development of embryos in land birds of different species, to establish the level of genetic burden. The spectrum and frequency of morphological and anatomical hereditary defects of chicken and turkey embryos were established during pathological and anatomical examination of incubation waste. Visual examination of dead embryos allowed identifying morphological abnormalities in the structure of the skeleton, as well as various disproportions of its individual parts. In chickens of subpopulations with black-striped and white plumage, among birds of all studied groups, the widest range of morphological abnormalities of embryo development was discovered. In meat and egg hens with golden plumage, three anomalies with the same frequency of manifestation of 33.3% were found among the examined dead embryos. Only 1 anomaly “exencephaly” was found in birds with mottled plumage. Two cases of double mutation were found in birds with silver plumage among the examined dead embryos. The level of genetic burden in the studied subpopulations of meat and egg chickens was in the range of 3.45-8.72%. In birds with white and silver plumage, this figure was higher than the maximum allowable value, therefore it is necessary to carry out selection measures to eliminate lethal genes from these populations of chickens. In turkeys of the paternal line 5 and maternal line 6 of the Kharkiv crossing, 2 morphological anomalies of embryo development were found among the examined dead embryos. The level of genetic burden in turkeys of related forms is low – 1.60-1.89%, which does not exceed the maximum allowable value (8.0%). This indicates a low share in the heredity of the used offspring of hidden carriers of “defective” genes. At this stage, the preservation of the gene pool of birds is not threatening for its further breeding

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

Marcuse and Habermas's Political Ideas in English

2019 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Asaad Abdullwahab AbdulKarim ◽  
Waleed Massaher Hamad ◽  
Salah Ibrahim Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Important Impact

Abstract     The Frankfurt School is characterized by its critical nature and it is the result of the Marxist socialist thought as it contributed to the development of the German thought in particular and the Western thought in general through important ideas put forward by a number of pioneers in the various generations of the school and most notably through the leading pioneer in the first generation, Marcuse, and the leading pioneer of the second  generation, Habermas, whose political ideas had an important impact on global thinking and later became the basis of the attic of many critical ideas. In spite of the belief of the school members in the idea of the criticism of power and community, each had his own ideas that distinguish him from the others.

Pharmakotherapie update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Laux
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Therapeutische Maßnahmen ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics

Für die Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen sind seit fast 60 Jahren Antipsychotika/Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer antipsychotischen Wirkung von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Einteilung kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen (chemische Struktur, neuroleptische Potenz, Rezeptorprofil), heute werden üblicherweise unterschieden typische (traditionelle, klassische, konventionelle) Antipsychotika der ersten Generation ‒ »First Generation Antipsychotics« (FGA) ‒ und sog. atypische (»neuere«) Neuroleptika bzw. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation ‒»Second Generation Antipsychotics« (SGA). Hierzu zählen Aripiprazol, Asenapin, Cariprazin, Clozapin, Olanzapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon, Sertindol und Ziprasidon. Hierbei handelt es sich um keine homogene Gruppe – sowohl neuropharmakologisch (Wirkmechanismus), als auch hinsichtlich klinischem Wirkprofil und dem Nebenwirkungsspektrum bestehen z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede. Neben der Akut-Medikation ist eine Langzeitmedikation bzw. Rezidivprophylaxe mit Antipsychotika für die Rehabilitation vieler schizophrener Patienten im Sinne eines »Stresspuffers« von grundlegender Bedeutung. In Placebo-kontrollierten Studien trat bei Patienten, die über ein Jahr behandelt wurden, bei etwa 30% unter Neuroleptika ein Rezidiv auf, unter Placebo bei mehr als 70%. Für die Langzeitbehandlung bietet sich der Einsatz von Depot-Neuroleptika an, neu entwickelt wurden Langzeit-Depot-Injektionen mit Intervallen von bis zu 3 Monaten. Grundsätzlich ist die niedrigstmögliche (wirksame) Dosis zu verwenden. Im Zentrum der Nebenwirkungen (UAW) standen lange Zeit extrapyramidal-motorische Bewegungsstörungen (EPMS), mit der Einführung von Clozapin und anderen atypischen Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation gewannen andere Nebenwirkungen an Bedeutung. Hierzu zählen Gewichtszunahme, Störungen metabolischer Parameter und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Mortalität und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse bei älteren Patienten mit Demenz. Entsprechende Kontrolluntersuchungen sind erforderlich, für Clozapin gibt es aufgrund seines Agranulozytose-Risikos Sonderbestimmungen. Immer sollte ein Gesamtbehandlungsplan orientiert an der neuen S3-Praxisleitlinie Schizophrenie der DGPPN aufgestellt werden, der psychologische und milieu-/sozial-therapeutische Maßnahmen einschließt. Standard ist heute auch eine sog. Psychoedukation, für Psychopharmaka liegen bewährte Patienten-Ratgeber vor.

The Inheritors’ Coming of Age

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Schimpfössl
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
The Rich

Chapter 7 focuses on the upbringing of the second generation of the Russian bourgeoisie. As the first generation of wealthy Russians grows older, they are becoming more aware of their own mortality and are preparing to hand over their wealth to the next generation. It seems that rich Russians are yet to find a convincing narrative to justify their children’s legitimate entitlement to wealth that does not contradict their own everyday ideology of being self-made. Nevertheless, a two-pronged approach is emerging. First, in line with the shift toward new modesty, children are being encouraged to cultivate a habitus of privilege, as Sherman suggests in the case with wealthy US Americans, which makes them appear morally worthy in an environment marked by extreme inequality. Second, via their philanthropy the rich are supporting institutions and scholars in an effort to strengthen a dynamic capitalist environment in which privileged status is respected.

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