Fatty acids composition of human milk fed to small for gestational age infants

ObjectiveTo compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit.DesignPremature infants (birth weight ≤1250 g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12–15 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18–22 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsOf 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25±1.10 vs −0.21±0.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0±3.7 vs 17.3±15.1 µU/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1±0.9 vs 4.3±4.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity.ConclusionsSGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with ≤1250 g birth weight, specifically SGA.

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Fatty acids composition of selected mammals’ milk

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120002670 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Renata Pietrzak-Fiecko ◽

Anna Malwina Kamelska-Sadowska

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

The Body ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Small Individual ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Human Milk Fat

AbstractOne of main nutritional components in milk are fat. Fats are the main source of energy used by the body. The most important components are fatty acids (FA), which have important biological functions e.g. anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, reducing blood pressure. What is more, milk fat in human diet shows health-promoting properties (1, 2). The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acids composition in selected mammals’ milk. A total of 84 milk samples of cow (Holstein-Frisian breed, n = 20), mare (Polish cold-blooded horse, n = 20); sheep (Kamieniecka breed, n = 12), goat (White goat breed, n = 12) were collected from small individual farms located in the north-eastern region of Poland. The samples of human milk (n = 20) were collected from women aged: 21–37, in the 2nd-4th month of lactation.The fatty acid composition was determined after the acids were transformed into methyl esters according to the IDF Standard method and gas chromatography using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector. The average share of saturated FA (ΣSFA) in sheep, goat and cow milk fat were 77.5%, 75.5% and 67.7%, respectively, while in human and mare milk fat this value was about 47.0% ΣSFA. Human milk fat was characterized with the highest share of monounsaturated FA (ΣMUFA) 43.6%, while in the fat of other mammals this value was from 19.0 to 31.0%. The highest share of polyunsaturated FA (ΣPUFA; 22.0%) was found in mare milk. In human milk fat the value of ΣPUFA were higher (10%), than in milk of other mammals (3–5%). The lowest value of ΣSFA was observed in human and mare milk which could influence its health-promoting properties. The high share of other essential unsaturated FA indicates high dietary value of human milk. The share of fatty acids in mare milk similar to that in human milk makes it the most suitable in human nutrition.

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26. PROTEIN METABOLISM IN VERY-LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA) FED PROTEIN FORTIFIED HUMAN MILK (HM)

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-198707000-00047 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 100-100

Author(s):

G Boehm ◽

H Beyreiss ◽

H Senger ◽

P Müller ◽

N Räihä

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Human Milk ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Protein Metabolism ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Vlbw Infants

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Fortified human milk in the small for gestational age neonate

The Indian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/s12098-007-0144-5 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (9) ◽

pp. 815-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Geeta Gathwala ◽

Meenu Chawla ◽

Veena Singh Gehlaut

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age

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Medium chain fatty acids in intrauterine growth restricted and small for gestational age pregnancies

Metabolomics ◽

10.1007/s11306-017-1197-8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Silvia Visentin ◽

Sara Crotti ◽

Elena Donazzolo ◽

Sara D’Aronco ◽

Donato Nitti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

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The Impact of Gut Microbiome on Metabolic Disorders During Catch-Up Growth in Small-for-Gestational-Age

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.630526 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jingjing An ◽

Junqi Wang ◽

Li Guo ◽

Yuan Xiao ◽

Wenli Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Catch Up ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

ObjectiveCatch-up growth (CUG) in small for gestational age (SGA) leads to increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases in adults. It remains unclear if microbiota could play an important role in CUG-SGA independent of genetic or nutritional factors. The present study explored the role of gut microbiota in, and its association with, metabolic disorders during CUG-SGA.MethodsAn SGA rat model was established by restricting food intake during pregnancy, and the rats were divided into catch-up growth (CUG-SGA) and non-catch-up growth (NCUG-SGA) groups based on body weight and length at the fourth postnatal week. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was conducted to detect the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Transcriptome sequencing of liver tissue was performed and verified using real-time PCR. Concentrations of insulin and total cholesterol were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe composition of gut microbiota in CUG-SGA rats differed from that of NCUG-SGA rats, with reduced abundance of Lactobacillus in the CUG-SGA group. The decrease in Lactobacillus was significantly associated with increased body weight and upregulated insulin and total cholesterol levels. Five SCFAs and two branched chain fatty acids were significantly higher in the CUG-SGA group than in the NCUG-SGA group. Additionally, SCFAs were positively associated with clinical indices such as weight, body mass index, insulin, and total cholesterol. Transcriptomic data revealed that insulin-like growth factor-2 expression was significantly decreased in CUG-SGA rats and was associated with a decrease in Lactobacillus bacteria.ConclusionLactobacillus and SCFAs were associated with the metabolic disorders during CUG in SGA. Gut microbiome may play a certain role on metabolic disorders during catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age.

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