scholarly journals The Impact of Socio-Economic Status, Life-History, and Biological Sex on Affective Empathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadow Love ◽  
Whitney Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
The Impact

<div>The current study examined a gap in prior research by examining the interaction between socioeconomic status, life-history, biological sex, and affective empathy. Participants (N = 504; Mage = 37; 64% biological sex male; 69% White/Caucasian) were recruited using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and completed an online survey to assess the main variables of interest. Two 2x2x3 factorial ANOVA(s) were conducted. Significant main effects and interactions were found; however, the findings were qualified by a significant three-way interaction [F (2, 491) = 3.18, p = .04, partial η2 = .01]. Participants who reported being biological sex male as well as having a high-income level and slower life-history (more social support) reported slightly more affective empathy (M = 3.65, SE = .08) than male participants reporting a high-income level but faster life-history (M = 3.22, SE = .08). However, there were no significant differences when comparing biological sex female participants across levels of SES and life-history. Implications of the current findings are discussed.<br><div><br></div></div>

scholarly journals The Impact of Socio-Economic Status, Life-History, and Biological Sex on Affective Empathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadow Love ◽  
Whitney Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
The Impact

<div>The current study examined a gap in prior research by examining the interaction between socioeconomic status, life-history, biological sex, and affective empathy. Participants (N = 504; Mage = 37; 64% biological sex male; 69% White/Caucasian) were recruited using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and completed an online survey to assess the main variables of interest. Two 2x2x3 factorial ANOVA(s) were conducted. Significant main effects and interactions were found; however, the findings were qualified by a significant three-way interaction [F (2, 491) = 3.18, p = .04, partial η2 = .01]. Participants who reported being biological sex male as well as having a high-income level and slower life-history (more social support) reported slightly more affective empathy (M = 3.65, SE = .08) than male participants reporting a high-income level but faster life-history (M = 3.22, SE = .08). However, there were no significant differences when comparing biological sex female participants across levels of SES and life-history. Implications of the current findings are discussed.<br><div><br></div></div>

scholarly journals The impact of sex ratio and economic status on local birth rates

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20130027 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chipman ◽  
E. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Economically Deprived ◽  
Human Mating ◽  
The Impact

Human mating and reproductive behaviour can vary depending on various mechanisms, including the local sex ratio. Previous research shows that as sex ratios become female-biased, women from economically deprived areas are less likely to delay reproductive opportunities to wait for a high-investing mate but instead begin their reproductive careers sooner. Here, we show that the local sex ratio also has an impact on female fertility schedules. At young ages, a female-biased ratio is associated with higher birth rates in the poorest areas, whereas the opposite is true for the richest areas. At older ages, a female-biased ratio is associated with higher birth rates in the richest, but not the poorest areas. These patterns suggest that female–female competition encourages poorer women to adopt a fast life-history strategy and give birth early, and richer women to adopt a slow life-history strategy and delay reproduction.

scholarly journals Experience, Education, and Entrepreneurial Success: A View from Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Academic Excellence ◽  
Entrepreneurial Success ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of education on the age earnings profiles of self-employed Bangladeshi men, using data from a survey carried out by the first author in 2010. Its results strongly support the perception that educational attainment and on-the-job experience are strongly complementary rather than mutually substitutable in increasing the likelihood of achieving a high income level. Yet the high degree of earnings heterogeneity among well-educated respondents in the sample also indicates that academic excellence is a catalyst but not a guarantor for entrepreneurial success, and that levels of education that are formally equivalent may nevertheless have very different implications for the likelihood of prosperity in business.

scholarly journals Dynamic Linkages Among Energy Consumption, Environment and Health Sustainability: Evidence from the Different Income Level Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 004695802097522
Author(s):  
Yongqi Feng ◽  
Ren Liu ◽  
Yung-ho Chiu ◽  
Tzu-Han Chang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Efficiency

Environment pollution was closely related to human health. The energy consumption is one of the important sources of environmental pollution in the development of economy. This paper used undesirable two-stage meta-frontier DDF (distance difference function) data envelopment analysis model to explore the impact of environment pollutants from energy consumption on the mortality of children and the aged, survival rate of 65 years old and health expenditure efficiency in 27 high income countries, 21 upper middle income countries, and 16 lower middle income countries from 2010 to 2014. High income countries had higher efficiency of energy and health than middle income countries in general. But whether in high income or middle income countries, the efficiency of non-renewable energy is higher than renewable energy. There was much room for both high income countries and middle income countries to improve renewable energy efficiency. Besides, middle income countries need to improve the efficiency of non-renewable energy and reduce pollutant emissions per unit of GDP. In terms of health efficiency, upper middle income countries performed worse than lower income countries. This phenomenon might indicate there was a U-shaped relationship between health efficiency and income level. Upper income countries should pay more attention to the environmental and health problems and cross the U-shaped turning point. The contribution of this article was to consider the heterogeneous performance of energy efficiency, environmental efficiency, and health efficiency under the influence of income level differences, and found that there might be a U-shaped relationship between health efficiency and income level.

The Impact of Economic and Cultural Cues on Support for Immigration in Canada and the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Harell ◽  
Stuart Soroka ◽  
Shanto Iyengar ◽  
Nicholas Valentino
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Status Cues ◽  
Cultural Cues ◽  
Nous Examinons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigration

Abstract. Past research suggests that citizens' attitudes toward immigration are driven by perceptions of immigrants' (a) economic status and (b) ethnicity. In this study, we use an online survey conducted with a representative sample of Canadians to test to what extent economic and cultural cues influence support for individual immigrants. In particular, by drawing on a parallel US survey, we explore whether Canadians' relatively unique (positive) attitudes toward immigration make them more immune to economic and cultural threat manipulations than their American counterparts. The analysis is based on an experimental design embedded in a series of immigrant vignettes that vary the ethnoracial background and social status of an individual applying for immigration. We examine overall support for immigration, as well as the extent to which both ethnic and economic status cues affect support for individual immigrants. We also explore variance within Canada, specifically, in Quebec versus the rest of the country. Results offer new and unique information on the structure of attitudes on diversity and immigration in Canada. Most importantly, they suggest the relative importance of economic cues in support for immigration in both countries.Résumé. Divers travaux de recherche ont suggéré que les attitudes des citoyens au sujet de l'immigration sont influencées par leur perception (a) du statut économique et (b) de l'ethnie des immigrants. Afin de tenter de savoir jusqu'à quel point les informations socioéconomiques et culturelles ont effectivement un impact sur le soutien des citoyens envers les immigrants, la présente étude fait usage d'un sondage mené en ligne avec un échantillon représentatif de la population canadienne. En nous appuyant sur un sondage américain similaire, nous cherchons plus précisément à savoir si l'attitude (positive) relativement unique des Canadiens vis-à-vis de l'immigration les rend moins susceptibles d'être manipulés par l'évocation de menaces économiques et culturelles que leurs voisins américains. Notre analyse se fonde sur une expérience utilisant une série de vignettes qui modifient les caractéristiques ethnoraciales ainsi que le statut social d'un individu procédant à une demande d'immigration. Nous examinons non seulement le soutien pour l'immigration en général, mais aussi la mesure dans laquelle les informations relatives à l'ethnie et au statut économique d'un immigrant affectent le soutien que les citoyens lui offrent. Nous étudions aussi la variance à l'intérieur du Canada, plus spécifiquement entre le Québec et le reste du pays. Les résultats ainsi obtenus fournissent de l'information nouvelle et unique ayant trait à la structure des attitudes par rapport à la diversité et l'immigration au Canada. De surcroît, ces résultats suggèrent le rôle relativement important que jouent les informations d'ordre socioéconomique dans le soutien de l'immigration tant aux États-Unis qu'au Canada.

scholarly journals Consequences of Lockdown During COVID-19 Pandemic in Lifestyle and Emotional State of Children in Argentina

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Victoria Fasano ◽  
Marcela Padula ◽  
María Ángeles Azrak ◽  
Ana Julia Avico ◽  
Marisa Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Parental Characteristics ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
The Impact

The implications of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown measurements and social isolation in children and their parents are still unknown. The aims of this study were to examine the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on emotional state, feelings and lifestyle of children and their parents, to explore the association between parental characteristics and child well-being and to examine whether the impact of lockdown depends on socio-economic status. Parents completed an online survey including data about socio-demographic information, parent and child feelings and lifestyle during lockdown. Logistic regression and correlation analysis were used to establish associations between variables. In total, 814 parents with children between 4 and 11 were included in the study. According to parents, 69.5% of the children showed changes in their emotional state, 55.3% altered their routine and 62.6% showed sleep disorders. Families with lower socio-economic status were more worried about health, shortage of food and household income (p &lt; 0.01). Parent and children concern about food/essential items were highly associated [OR (CI 95%) 13.0 (6.81, 26.5), p &lt; 0.01]. Adverse children's emotional state was associated with parental feeling of loneliness (r = 0.35) and inversely associated with keeping a routine (r = −0.11). Sleep changes were inversely associated with keeping a routine and having a balcony/garden (r = −0.53 and −0.16). We conclude that lockdown affected emotional state and lifestyle of children and parents, which were strongly related. Routine and positive parental attitude supported children's well-being. Economic issues were an important concern in families with lower socio-economic status. Our findings can help to promote child health during lockdown.

scholarly journals The Depth of the Financial System: A Comparison of Developed and Less Developed Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Halil D. Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Impact

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of how countries’ income levels are related to the depth of their financial system. The main purpose of the research is to determine whether high-income countries have deeper financial systems when compared to other countries. We also examine whether high-income OECD member countries have a deeper financial system when compared to high-income non-OECD member countries. Our contribution is threefold: First, our study has a wider scope than most of the previous studies (i.e. 203 countries in total). Second, we examine both the impact of OECD membership and the actual income level on “depth”. The OECD members and the non-members differ in terms of their cultures, their resources, and their infrastructure, therefore we expect differences between their financial systems. Third, our study goes deeper than most of the previous studies (i.e. we examine twenty different variables on “depth”). The examination of several variables on “depth” allows us to see the dimensions in which one group of countries perform better than the other group. While one group can perform better in certain dimensions of “depth”, the other group can perform better in other dimensions of “depth”. In our empirical analyses, we find that high-income countries tend to have a deeper financial system (in all measures except for “Central bank assets to GDP (%)”) when compared to other countries. When we compare high-income OECD-member countries to high-income non-OECD-member countries, we find that OECD-member countries tend to have a deeper financial system (in most measures). Interestingly, with respect to the two measures, non-OECD-member countries have better “depth” measures. These two measures are “Stock market total value traded to GDP (%)” and “Gross portfolio debt assets to GDP (%)”. Overall, our results indicate that when an economic or financial crisis is expected, middle and low-income countries will be more vulnerable when compared to high-income countries, because in most aspects, their markets are not as deep. On the other hand, high-income countries will be more vulnerable if their Central bank needs to use their assets to protect their system. Similarly, non-OECD members will be more vulnerable when compared to OECD-member countries, because in most aspects, their markets are not as deep. On the other hand, OECD-member countries are weaker with regard to the depth of their stock markets and the number of debt securities held in investment portfolios. Therefore, we can conclude that a country’s income level and OECD-membership should help determine the precautions that policymakers need to take if a crisis is on the horizon. Keywords: depth, financial system, OECD, income level.

The Impact of Federal and State Income Taxes on Timber Income in the West Following the 1986 Tax Reform Act

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Pete Bettinger ◽  
H. L. Haney ◽  
W. C. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Level ◽  
The State ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
State Income Tax ◽  
State Income ◽  
Timber Sale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Nineteen eighty-eight federal and state income tax liabilities for a hypothetical nonindustrial private forest landowner case were calculated for 13 western states. The state portion of the total income tax liability for the passive case (without timber sale revenue) ranged from 15% in Arizona, California, and Colorado to 25% in Hawaii for the medium income level. It ranged from 12% in Arizona and Colorado to 20% in Hawaii for the high income level. The state portion for the active case (with timber sale revenue) ranged from 12% in Arizona and Colorado to 21% in Hawaii, and from 10% in Arizona to 19% in Hawaii for the medium and high income levels, respectively. Federal income tax deductions, capital gain exclusions, and tax rates are the most important state provisions affecting state income tax liability. The installment sale method of reporting timber sale revenue was used as one alternative tax planning strategy. Timber sale revenue was spread over a 2-year period to reduce the amount of taxable income subject to higher marginal rates. In the Oregon hypothetical case, the landowners who elected to use the installment sale method would save $1,240 and $616 at the medium and high income levels, respectively. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):15-20.

“To Be, or Not to Be, That Is the Question”: Modeling and Differentiation Among Siblings Participating in Organized Youth Sport

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 500-510
Author(s):  
Keith V. Osai ◽  
Travis E. Dorsch ◽  
Shawn D. Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Family System ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Older Siblings

Organized youth sport is a relatively common family context in which sibling dynamics are not well understood. The present study was designed to address two contrasting mechanisms of socialization—modeling and differentiation—in examining older siblings’ influence on younger siblings’ sport participation. American youth (N = 221) age 10–15 years (M = 12.38, SD = 1.01) who were active sport participants completed an online survey measuring individual and family demographics, sibling relationship qualities, and parent–child relationship dimensions. The participants reported on their most proximal older siblings, all of whom were within 4 years of age. The analyses suggest that sibling differentiation dynamics decreased the likelihood of playing the same primary sport as an older sibling for (a) the same biological sex, close in age to siblings; (b) the same biological sex, further in age from siblings; and (c) mixed biological sex, wide in age from siblings. The “Discussion” section highlights the practical value of understanding the impact of sibling influence processes on the individual, sibling dyad, and family system.

scholarly journals Just Love Me, Feed Me, Never Leave Me: Understanding Pet Food Anxiety, Feeding and Shopping Behavior of US Pet Owners in Covidian Times

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3101
Author(s):  
Meike Rombach ◽  
David L. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Pet Owners ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sufficient Food

The study provides insights for pet food retailers, vets and managers and volunteers at animal shelters, pet food pantries and food banks into the behavioral changes in feeding and pet food buying resulting from pet food anxiety in Covidian times. This study proposes a model that investigates the impact of pet owner’s perceptions of their pet, their engagement with their pet, sociodemographic factors and the frequency of incidences where pet owners could not provide sufficient food for their pet. For this purpose, an online survey with a sample of 206 US residents was conducted. Partial least squares structural equation modelling shows that perceiving the pet as an animal or family/friend, as well as active engagement with the pet, heightens a sense of pet food anxiety. Similarly, past experiences where pet owners could not provide sufficient food for their pet impacts pet food anxiety, which leads to changes in pet food shopping and pet feeding behavior. Sociodemographic factors (biological sex, age, income and education) were not found to impact anxiety.

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