Perfil dos educandos do ensino médio da EJA numa escola pública em Macapá-AP

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discorrer sobre o perfil dos educandos do ensino médio na modalidade Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) em uma Escola Pública Estadual em Macapá, estado do Amapá, Brasil, verificando a composição étnica e a ocorrência de educandos classificados como negros, ou como pretos e pardos segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa de cunho exploratório que utilizou da pesquisa bibliográfica, da análise documental e da aplicação de um questionário. Os dados foram coletados na secretaria da escola com verificação da ficha de matrícula dos 211 educandos matriculados em 2019 e complementados no questionário respondido por 90 educandos escolhidos aleatoriamente entre os matriculados. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam que as características encontradas nos educandos da escola pesquisada estão presentes e significativas no grupo social ampliado que utiliza essa modalidade como alternativa de ensino para concluir o ciclo da educação básica. O levantamento revelou também que as características dos educandos coincidem com as do grupo etnicamente denominado negro, o que leva à conclusão de que a EJA, na forma planejada e implementada, tem uma destinação certa que são os brasileiros e as brasileiras das camadas mais expropriadas da sociedade, o que coincide historicamente com os negros, os indígenas e alguns brancos desprovidos economicamente.Palavras-chave: EJA; Relações étnico-raciais; Amapá.Profile of EJA high school students in a public school in Macapá-APABSTRACTThis article aims to discuss the profile of high school students in the Youth and Adult Education (EJA) modality in a State Public School in Macapá, Amapá state, Brazil, verifying the ethnic composition and the occurrence of students classified as black, or as black and brown according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). It is a qualitative and quantitative research of exploratory nature that used the bibliographic research, the documentary analysis and the application of a questionnaire. Data were collected at the school office with verification of the enrollment form of the 211 students enrolled in 2019 and complemented by a questionnaire answered by 90 students randomly selected from the enrolled students. The results of the research reveal that the characteristics found in the students of the researched school are present and significant in the extended social group that uses this modality as a teaching alternative to complete the cycle of basic education. The survey also revealed that the characteristics of the students coincide with those of the ethnically called black group, which leads to the conclusion that the EJA, in its planned and implemented form, has a certain destination that are the Brazilians and the Brazilian from the most expropriated strata of the population. historically coinciding with blacks, indigenous people and some economically deprived whites.Keywords: EJA; Ethnic-racial relations; Amapá.Perfil de estudiantes de secundaria de EJA en una escuela pública en Macapá-APRESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el perfil de los estudiantes de secundaria en la modalidad de Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos (EJA) en una Escuela Pública Estatal en Macapá, estado de Amapá, Brasil, verificando la composición étnica y la ocurrencia de estudiantes clasificados como negros, o como negro y marrón según el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). Se trata de una investigación exploratoria cualitativa y cuantitativa que utilizó la investigación bibliográfica, el análisis de documentos y la aplicación de un cuestionario. Los datos fueron recolectados en la secretaría de la escuela con verificación del formulario de matrícula de los 211 estudiantes matriculados en 2019 y complementados en el cuestionario respondido por 90 estudiantes elegidos aleatoriamente entre los matriculados. Los resultados de la investigación revelan que las características encontradas en los estudiantes de la escuela investigada son presentes y significativas en el grupo social extendido que utiliza esta modalidad como alternativa docente para completar el ciclo de educación básica. La encuesta también reveló que las características de los estudiantes coinciden con las del grupo negro de denominación étnica, lo que lleva a la conclusión de que EJA, en su forma planificada e implementada, tiene un destino determinado: brasileñas y mujeres brasileñas de los estratos más expropiados. de la sociedad, que históricamente coincide con negros, indígenas y algunos blancos económicamente desfavorecidos. Palabras clave: EJA; Relaciones étnico-raciales; Amapá.

Diet and lifestyle behaviour disruption related to the pandemic was varied and bidirectional among US and UK adults participating in the ZOE COVID Study

Evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health behaviours in the general population is limited. In this retrospective longitudinal study including UK and US participants, we collected diet and lifestyle data pre-pandemic (896,286) and peri-pandemic (291,871) using a mobile health app, and we computed a bidirectional health behaviour disruption index. Disruption of health behaviour was higher in younger, female and socio-economically deprived participants. Loss in body weight was greater in highly disrupted individuals than in those with low disruption. There were large inter-individual changes observed in 46 health and diet behaviours measured peri-pandemic compared with pre-pandemic, but no mean change in the total population. Individuals most adherent to less healthy pre-pandemic health behaviours improved their diet quality and weight compared with those reporting healthier pre-pandemic behaviours, irrespective of relative deprivation; therefore, for a proportion of the population, the pandemic may have provided an impetus to improve health behaviours. Public policies to tackle health inequalities widened by the pandemic should continue to prioritize diet and physical activity for all, as well as more targeted approaches to support younger females and those living in economically deprived areas.

Feminists against Fascism: The Indian Female Muslim Protest in India

This article explores contestations around ideas of India, citizenship, and nation from the perspective of Indian Muslim female university students in Delhi. In December 2019, the Hindu majoritarian government introduced new citizenship legislation. It caused widespread distress over its adverse implications for Muslims and a large section of socio-economically deprived populations. In response, millions of people, mainly from Dalit, Adivasi, and Bahujan backgrounds, took to the streets to protest. Unprecedentedly, young Muslim female students and women emerged at the forefront of the significant public debate. This situation disrupted the mainstream perception of oppressed Muslim women lacking public voice and agency. Drawing on the narratives of the Indian Muslim female students who participated in these protests, this article highlights their conceptions of, and negotiations with, the idea of India. In doing so, this article reflects on the significance of critical feminist protest as a form of “public pedagogy” for citizenship education as a powerful antidote to a supremacist, hypermasculine, and vigilante idea of India.

Time varying association between deprivation, ethnicity and SARS-CoV-2 infections in England: a space-time study

Background: Ethnically diverse and socio-economically deprived communities have been differentially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Method: Using a multilevel regression model we assess the time-varying association between SARS-CoV-2 infections and areal level deprivation and ethnicity. We separately consider weekly test positivity rate and estimated unbiased prevalence at the Lower Tier Local Authority (LTLA) level, adjusting for confounders and spatio-temporal correlation structure. Findings: Comparing the least deprived and predominantly White areas with most deprived and predominantly non-White areas over the whole study period, the weekly positivity rate increases by 13% from 2.97% to 3.35%. Similarly, prevalence increases by 10% from 0.37% to 0.41%. Deprivation has a stronger effect until October 2020, while the effect of ethnicity becomes more pronounced at the peak of the second wave and then again in May-June 2021. In the second wave of the pandemic, LTLAs with large South Asian populations were the most affected, whereas areas with large Black populations did not show increased values for either outcome during the entire period under analysis. Interpretation: IMD and BAME% are both associated with an increased COVID-19 burden in terms of disease spread and monitoring, and the strength of association varies over the course of the pandemic. The consistency of results across the two outcomes suggests that deprivation and ethnicity have a differential impact on disease exposure or susceptibility rather than testing access and habits.

The Dombo: A Sociological Investigation of Dalits in Odisha

The Dalit people in Odisha have been socio-economically deprived and antagonized with a social discrimination. In Odisha, the number of Dalits is 93, and out of it, in numerically Pana, Dewar and Dombo are the most populous and remain in first, second and third respectively. The Dombo people residing in South Odisha, especially in the unified Koraput and Kalahandi district. They have been known as drum beaters, weavers, performers and gramarakhi. Traditionally, the Dombo people live in the village as caretakers ( gramarakhi or choukidar). In each village, there were a choukidar or gramarakhi, and their task was to report the instances of downfall, labour, self-destruction, murder and other lawful issues occurring in the village at the closest police headquarters and convey the news about birth, death of upper caste to their family members, discarded corpses of cows and attend the dignitaries and visiting officials. They used to declare any news concerning people in general by the beat of drums and help the Gauntia or village headmen on the issue of income assortment and everyday organization of the village issues. The gramarakhi or choukidar was a notable person at the village level in the primitive organization. The reason for this article is to study and preserve, promote and protect the economy, political and social existence of the Dombo people in South Odisha.

The clinically extremely vulnerable to COVID: Identification and changes in health care while self-isolating (shielding) during the coronavirus pandemic

Background In March 2020, the government of Scotland identified people deemed clinically extremely vulnerable to COVID due to their pre-existing health conditions. These people were advised to strictly self-isolate (shield) at the start of the pandemic, except for necessary healthcare. We examined who was identified as clinically extremely vulnerable, how their healthcare changed during isolation, and whether this process exacerbated healthcare inequalities. Methods We linked those on the shielding register in NHS Grampian, a health authority in Scotland, to healthcare records from 2015-2020. We described the source of identification, demographics, and clinical history of the cohort. We measured changes in out-patient, in-patient, and emergency healthcare during isolation in the shielding population and compared to the general non-shielding population. Results The register included 16,092 people (3% of the population), clinically vulnerable primarily due to a respiratory disease, immunosuppression, or cancer. Among them, 42% were not identified by national healthcare record screening but added ad hoc, with these additions including more children and fewer economically-deprived. During isolation, all forms of healthcare use decreased (25%-46%), with larger decreases in scheduled care than in emergency care. However, people shielding had better maintained scheduled care compared to the non-shielding general population: out-patient visits decreased 35% vs 49%; in-patient visits decreased 46% vs 81%. Notably, there was substantial variation in whose scheduled care was maintained during isolation: younger people and those with cancer had significantly higher visit rates, but there was no difference between sexes or socioeconomic levels. Conclusions Healthcare changed dramatically for the clinically extremely vulnerable population during the pandemic. The increased reliance on emergency care while isolating indicates that continuity of care for existing conditions was not optimal. However, compared to the general population, there was success in maintaining scheduled care, particularly in young people and those with cancer. We suggest that integrating demographic and primary care data would improve identification of the clinically vulnerable and could aid prioritising their care.

The influence of neighbourhood equity on parkrunners in a British city

Summary Physical activity benefits both physical and mental health. Specific events may augment participation in physical activity at a population level. Parkrun is a popular, free, weekly, timed 5 km run or walk in public spaces located in five continents. However, these events may be distributed inequitably, possibly reinforcing inequities in health. As a prelude to a comprehensive analysis of a larger dataset, we explore a hypothesis that participation in parkrun is influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of both parkrunners and their park. Two parkruns, 4.5 km apart, were selected in the city of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Defined by indices of multiple deprivation, Castle parkrun is located in an economically deprived neighbourhood and Hallam parkrun is in a prosperous area of the city. Parkrunners were defined by applying these same indices to the neighbourhood of home registration. Results: (i) the prosperous Hallam catchment area produced over five times more parkrun participants than Castle; (ii) compared with Castle, Hallam parkrun attracted more participants from both catchment areas; (iii) consequently, Hallam parkrun had seven times more participants than Castle parkrun. Conclusion: establishing parkruns in deprived areas is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite for equity of participation in this heath promoting activity.

A daunting journey: A qualitative comparative study of women’s experiences of accessing midwifery care

Background: Early engagement with a maternity carer is recommended as a means of reducing stillbirth and neonatal mortality. This is especially important for women who live in high deprivation areas, as these areas have been associated with late access to maternity/midwifery care and significantly higher rates of stillbirth and neonatal mortality. Co-locating midwives at general practitioner (GP) clinics in such an area was established with the aim of facilitating women’s early access to midwifery care. Aim: To explore the experience of multiparous women who live in socio-economically deprived communities within the Counties Manukau Health region and who accessed the services of midwives at co-located clinics. Method: Interpretive descriptive methodology was used to explore the experiences of each woman before and after using a co-located midwifery clinic. One-to-one, semi-structured interviews were undertaken and data examined using thematic analysis. Findings: The eight women interviewed found accessing Lead Maternity Care (LMC) midwives during early pregnancy a daunting journey before being able to use a co-located clinic in the Counties Manukau Health region. Barriers identified were: a lack of knowledge about how to find a LMC midwife, limited finance and limited time. These impacted on women’s ability and confidence to find a suitable LMC midwife. The women expressed the need for help to circumvent the maternity care maze through receiving a recommendation for a LMC midwife and having access to a midwife co-located at their GP clinic. Conclusions: The participants encountered numerous barriers accessing early LMC midwifery care. Enablers to accessing early LMC midwifery care include receiving recommendations from GP clinic personnel, and midwives being co-located at GP clinics to make maternity care convenient and with a smooth transition from GP to LMC midwife care.

English Language Teacher Agency in Rural Sarawak: Exploiting Teaching Materials

This paper explores English language teacher agency in rural Sarawak, Malaysia within the context of materials exploitation. The introduction of an international textbook series in all primary schools in Malaysia has brought about significant challenges for teachers who work in socially and economically deprived educational settings, where resources are scarce and where the textbook’s cultural references may be alien to the learners. In order for it to be meaningfully used in the classroom, language teachers need to adapt and localize the textbook for their learners. However, diverting from the officially prescribed material and scheme of work may be a risky business and it requires high levels of teacher autonomy and agency. The data show that although research participants find the materials in need of adaptation, not all make changes due to possible deficiencies in their capabilities or their lack of willingness to act. Those who make changes and thus enact their professional beliefs and values are motivated by completely different reasons. The study found that teachers’ interpretation of their work context significantly influences their agential roles and that teacher agency emerges from an interaction of individual capability, professional action, and the professional and social contexts in which the teacher operates.

Distributed education enables distributed economic impact: the economic contribution of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine to communities in Canada

Background Medical schools with distributed or regional programs encourage people to live, work, and learn in communities that may be economically challenged. Local spending by the program, staff, teachers, and students has a local economic impact. Although the economic impact of DME has been estimated for nations and sub-national regions, the community-specific impact is often unknown. Communities that contribute to the success of DME have an interest in knowing the local economic impact of this participation. To provide this information, we estimated the economic impact of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) on selected communities in the historically medically underserviced and economically disadvantaged Northern Ontario region. Methods Economic impact was estimated by a cash-flow local economic model. Detailed data on program and learner spending were obtained for Northern Ontario communities. We included spending on NOSM’s distributed education and research programs, medical residents’ salary program, the clinical teachers’ reimbursement program, and spending by learners. Economic impact was estimated from total spending in the community adjusted by an economic multiplier based on community population size, industry diversity, and propensity to spend locally. Community employment impact was also estimated. Results In 2019, direct program and learner spending in Northern Ontario totalled $64.6 M (million) Canadian Dollars. Approximately 76% ($49.1 M) was spent in the two largest population centres of 122,000 and 165,000 people, with 1–5% ($0.7 M – $3.1 M) spent in communities of 5000–78,000 people. In 2019, total economic impact in Northern Ontario was estimated to be $107 M, with an impact of $38 M and $36 M in the two largest population centres. The remaining $34 M (32%) of the economic impact occurred in smaller communities or within the region. Expressed alternatively as employment impact, the 404 full time equivalent (FTE) positions supported an additional 298 FTE positions in Northern Ontario. NOSM-trained physicians practising in the region added an economic impact of $88 M. Conclusions By establishing programs and bringing people to Northern Ontario communities, NOSM added local spending and knowledge-based economic activity to a predominantly resource-based economy. In an economically deprived region, distributed medical education enabled distributed economic impact.