scholarly journals Language input and outcome variation as a test of theory plausibility: The case of early phonological acquisition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandrina Cristia
Keyword(s):  
Current Evidence ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Joint Learning ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Learning Frameworks

There is wide individual, social, and cultural variation in experiences afforded to young children, yet current evidence suggests there is little variation in phonological outcomes in the first year of life. This paper provides a classification of phonological acquisition theories, revealing that few of them predict no variation in phonological acquisition outcomes, and thus are plausible in view of observed patterns: Only theories with strong priors and informational filters, and where phonological acquisition does not depend on lexical development, are compatible with great variation in early language experiences resulting in minimal or no outcome variation. The approach is then extended to consider proposals contemplating acquisition of other linguistic levels, including joint learning frameworks, and testable predictions are drawn for the acquisition of morphosyntax and vocabulary.

Associations Between Maternal Stress, Early Language Behaviors, and Infant Electroencephalography During the First Year of Life

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Lara J. PIERCE ◽  
Emily REILLY ◽  
Charles A. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
First Year ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Gamma Power ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Conversational Turns

Abstract Associations have been observed between socioeconomic status (SES) and language outcomes from early childhood, but individual variability is high. Exposure to high levels of stress, often associated with low-SES status, might influence how parents and infants interact within the early language environment. Differences in these early language behaviors, and in early neurodevelopment, might underlie SES-based differences in language that emerge later on. Analysis of natural language samples from a predominantly low-/mid-income sample of mother-infant dyads, obtained using the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) system, found that maternal reports of exposure to stressful life events, and perceived stress, were negatively correlated with child vocalizations and conversational turns when infants were 6 and 12 months of age. Greater numbers of vocalizations and conversational turns were also associated with lower relative theta power and higher relative gamma power in 6- and 12-month baseline EEG – a pattern that might support subsequent language development.

scholarly journals Acute Bronchiolitis: Is There a Role for Lung Ultrasound?

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Mauro ◽  
Ammirabile ◽  
Quercia ◽  
Panza ◽  
Capozza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Lung Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
First Year Of Life

Introduction: Viral bronchiolitis is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in the first year of life, considered a health burden because of its morbidity and costs. Its diagnosis is based on history and physical examination and the role of radiographic examination is limited to atypical cases. Thus far, Lung Ultrasound (LUS) is not considered in the diagnostic algorithm for bronchiolitis. Methods: PubMed database was searched for trials reporting on lung ultrasound examination and involving infants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Results: Eight studies were suitable. Conclusions: This review analyzed the current evidence about the potential usefulness of LUS in the clinical management of bronchiolitis. Literature supports a peculiar role of LUS in the evaluation of the affected children, considering it as a reliable imaging test that could benefit the clinical management of bronchiolitis.

Development of penis and sheath in young dairy bulls, and its relationship to age and body weight

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Ashdown
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Development Proceeds

1. Eighty-six bull calves (fifty-two Friesian, twenty-two Ayrshire, twelve Shorthorn) were examined at intervals, during the first year of life, by a method which allowed classification of the degree of adherence between penis and sheath into five classes.2. Mean age and weight at which separation between penis and sheath commenced and was completed are recorded for each breed. Significant breed differences were found.3. The rate of separation accelerates as development proceeds.4. The relationships between age, body weight, and commencement and completion of separation in the Friesian bulls are analysed by correlation methods. These analyses suggest that both age and body weight are important in sexual development.5. An equation is given for the linear regression of age at completion of separation on age and weight at commencement of separation and weight at 10 weeks for the Friesian bulls.

scholarly journals Lingual means of the denotation in the Ukrainian language for age development periods of a child in the first year of the life

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Oksana Zelinska ◽  
Maryna Holoborodko
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Pedagogical Discourse ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Early Late

The names of age periods of the first year of a child’s life were considered in the paper. Traditionally the first year of a child’s life was not clearly divided into shorter stages, and in turn, there were no established names which would correlate with these age periods. In every-day life defining features for a child of the first year of life is the fact of birth itself, which fixes a noun-composite a newly-born, as well as expressive signs associated with feeding a baby and its (his/her) inability to speak, namely, such nouns as a nursling and a baby. A clearly differentiated division of a child’s age period, before reaching the age of one year, is recorded in medicine. Scientific observations of the physiological changes in the development of a child, depending on a lived calendar period, determined the classification of the life into certain stages beginning from the prenatal development; it was expressed in a special terminology, for example, a perinatal period, a zero day. In a medical sphere the division units of a life period before the age of one year are hours, days, months; thus, this temporal vocabulary belongs to the structure of terminological phrases used to denote a certain age stage, the gradation of periods can be done with help of adjectives-qualifiers early, late. In a pedagogical discourse, contrary to a medical sphere, the names of the age periods in a child’s life do not clearly correlate with physiological changes and a calendar duration, and in an every-day life discourse the correlation is seen the least. However a conversational speech is characterized with a larger number of the patterns which form the names of age periods, descriptive nominations, due to a child’s socialization. Thus, a set of nominative units is different for each discourse, but we can come across some scientific terms in mass media, and from there they can be found in a conversational speech. In a pedagogical, medical, every-day life discourse we have the cases when the same nouns are used, for instance, a newly-born, however they differ semantically.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation Management of Post Palatoplasty in Adolescent: Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Dewi Kusuma Hartono
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rehabilitation Management ◽  
Physical Medicine ◽  
Disability And Health ◽  
Cleft Palate Repair ◽  
Palate Repair ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
First Year Of Life

The objective of this study is to report comprehensive physical medicine and rehabilitation management of post-palatoplasty in an adolescent patient. The cleft palate repair is usually done in the first year of life in order to gain optimal speech function. To achieve normal communication development, normal hearing, normal oral and pharyngeal structures, adequate stimulation, and reinforcement from the environment for communication efforts are needed. Patient was assessed comprehensively using The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)  and by perceptual assessment for speech. The results showed that after one month intervention, the perceptions of hypernasality in plosive /b/ and affricates /c/ were found reduced significantly. There was improvement in articulation after one month of intervention.

scholarly journals Analysis of health outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated children: Developmental delays, asthma, ear infections and gastrointestinal disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205031212092534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S Hooker ◽  
Neil Z Miller
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Delays ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
First Year ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Ear Infections ◽  
First Year Of Life

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the health of vaccinated versus unvaccinated pediatric populations. Methods: Using data from three medical practices in the United States with children born between November 2005 and June 2015, vaccinated children were compared to unvaccinated children during the first year of life for later incidence of developmental delays, asthma, ear infections and gastrointestinal disorders. All diagnoses utilized International Classification of Diseases–9 and International Classification of Diseases–10 codes through medical chart review. Subjects were a minimum of 3 years of age, stratified based on medical practice, year of birth and gender and compared using a logistic regression model. Results: Vaccination before 1 year of age was associated with increased odds of developmental delays (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.47–3.24), asthma (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 2.04–9.88) and ear infections (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.63–2.78). In a quartile analysis, subjects were grouped by number of vaccine doses received in the first year of life. Higher odds ratios were observed in Quartiles 3 and 4 (where more vaccine doses were received) for all four health conditions considered, as compared to Quartile 1. In a temporal analysis, developmental delays showed a linear increase as the age cut-offs increased from 6 to 12 to 18 to 24 months of age (ORs = 1.95, 2.18, 2.92 and 3.51, respectively). Slightly higher ORs were also observed for all four health conditions when time permitted for a diagnosis was extended from ⩾ 3 years of age to ⩾ 5 years of age. Conclusion: In this study, which only allowed for the calculation of unadjusted observational associations, higher ORs were observed within the vaccinated versus unvaccinated group for developmental delays, asthma and ear infections. Further study is necessary to understand the full spectrum of health effects associated with childhood vaccination.

scholarly journals Characterization of Classical Flexural and Nummular Forms of Atopic Dermatitis in Childhood with Regard to Anamnestic, Clinical and Epidermal Barrier Aspects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folke Hüppop ◽  
Stephan Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer ◽  
Regina Fölster-Holst
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
First Year ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Intercellular Lipid

Nummular (coin-shaped) and classical (flexural) atopic dermatitis differ morphologically, but no other distinguishing features are known. The aim of this study was to determine differences and similarities of both variants in children. Detailed interviews, clinical examinations, biophysical measurements and electron microscopic analyses were performed on 10 children with nummular atopic dermatitis, 14 with classical atopic dermatitis and 10 healthy controls. Nummular atopic dermatitis affected more boys than girls and manifested less frequently within the first year of life than classical atopic dermatitis. Localization, distribution and morphology of the eczema varied more over time, and expression of keratosis pilaris was more severe in children with nummular atopic dermatitis. Both disease groups showed reduced hydration, increased transepidermal water loss and reduced intercellular lipid lamellae in lesional skin areas compared with non-lesional areas. These findings underline the separate classification of both variants. Further research is necessary to investigate the potential of diverging therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Lipidomics and Dietary Assessment of Infant Formulas Reveal High Intakes of Major Cholesterol Oxidative Product (7-ketocholesterol)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Kilvington ◽  
Carlo Barnaba ◽  
Surender Rajasekaran ◽  
Mara L. Leimanis ◽  
Ilce Gabriela Medina-Meza
Keyword(s):  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cholesterol Oxidation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nutrition And Diet ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Lower Load ◽  
First Year Of Life

AbstractApproximately two-thirds of US infants receive infant formula (IF) as a primary or sole nutritional source during the first six months of life. IF is available in a variety of commercial presentations, although from a manufacturing standpoint, they can be categorized in powder-(PIF) or liquid-(LIF) based formulations. Herein, thirty commercial IFs were analyzed in their oxidative and non-oxidative lipidomics profiles. Results show that LIFs have a characteristic lipidomic fingerprint, enriched in an oxidated form of cholesterol, and a lower load of phytosterols. We identified 7-ketocholesterol – a major end-product of cholesterol oxidation – as a potential biomarker of IF manufacturing. Our data allowed re-classification of IF based on their metabolomic fingerprint, resulting in three groups assigned with low-to-high oxidative status. Finally, we modeled the dietary intake for cholesterol, sterols, and 7-ketocholesterol in the first year of life. The database provided in this study will be instrumental for scientists interested in infant nutrition, to establish bases for epidemiological studies aimed to find connections between nutrition and diet-associated diseases, such as sitosterolemia.

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