scholarly journals Variable Biases: A Study of Scientists’ Interpretation of Plot Types Commonly Used in Scientific Communication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Matzen ◽  
Kristin Divis ◽  
Michael Haass ◽  
Deborah Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Communication ◽  
Error Bar ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Error Bars ◽  
The Difference

In scientific communication, there are visualization conventions that are widely used to convey uncertainty, such as representing the variability of a dataset with error bars. Yet prior research indicates that scientists frequently misinterpret error bars. In this study, we compared bar charts with error bars to four alternative visualizations: dot, box, violin, and density plots. Our goal was to determine whether these other plot types would produce fewer biases in interpretation relative to bar plots. Scientists who have experience generating and interpreting statistical graphs used plots to assess whether the difference between two datasets was statistically significant. Our results replicated the patterns of biases that have been observed in prior studies of error bar interpretation. However, we found that our participants still had the best overall performance for bar plots with error bars, because they were most familiar with this type of plot.

scholarly journals Specialization and Performance: Evidence from NCAA 4 × 400 m Relay Times

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Candon Johnson ◽  
Robert Schultz ◽  
Joshua C. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measure ◽  
Division I ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

This paper investigates the impact of having open 400 meter (400 m) runners on NCAA relay teams. Using data from 2012–2016 containing the top 100 4 × 400 m in each NCAA Division relay times for each year, it is found that more 400 m specialists lead to an increase in the overall performance of the team, measured by a decrease in relay times. The effect is examined across Division I–III NCAA track teams. The results are consistent across each division. We view this as a test of the role of specialization on performance. Using runners who specialize in 400 m races should increase overall team performance as long as specialization does not lead to an inefficient allocation of team human capital. An additional performance measure is used examining the difference between projected and actual relay times. Divisions I and II are found to perform better than projected with an increase in 400 m runners, but there is no effect found in Division III.

Sensitivity of Mooring Line Pretension in the Design Cycle for Floating Caissons

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adinarayana Mukkamala ◽  
Partha Chakrabarti ◽  
Subrata K. Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
System Design ◽  
Mooring Line ◽  
Mooring System ◽  
Mooring Lines ◽  
Design Cycle ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tacoma Narrows Bridge ◽  
System Layout

The new parallel Tacoma Narrows Bridge being constructed by Tacoma Narrows Constructors will be mounted on two towers and these towers in turn will be supported by reinforced concrete caissons referred to as East Caisson (Tacoma side) and West Caisson (Gig Harbor side). Each Caisson is towed to the location and several stages of construction will take place at the actual site. During construction, the floating caissons will be moored in place to hold it against the flood and ebb currents in the Narrows. During the mooring system design, a desired pretension is established for the lines at each draft. However, due to practical limitations in the field some variations to this design pretension value may be expected. It is important to study the effect of this variation on the overall performance of the mooring system. In this paper, the sensitivity of the mooring line pretension on the overall performance of the mooring system for the above caisson is presented. During this study, all the variables that affect the mooring system design such as mooring system layout, mooring line makeup, anchor positions, fairlead departure angles, and fairlead locations are kept constant. The only variable changed is the pretension of the mooring lines. Two approaches for defining the variations in the pretension have been studied in this paper. In the first approach, the pretension is changed in a systematic way (predicted approach). In the second method the pretension is changed randomly. The latter is considered more likely to occur in the field for this type of complex mooring system. Both sets of results are presented for some selected drafts attained by the caisson during its construction. The difference in the results from the two methods is discussed.

scholarly journals Dance Tempo Estimation Using a Single Leg-Attached 3D Accelerometer

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8066
Author(s):  
Sara Stančin ◽  
Sašo Tomažič
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Filter Bank ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Comb Filter ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Experience

We present a methodology that enables dance tempo estimation through the acquisition of 3D accelerometer signals using a single wearable inertial device positioned on the dancer’s leg. Our tempo estimation method is based on enhanced multiple resonators, implemented with comb feedback filters. To validate the methodology, we focus on the versatile solo jazz dance style. Including a variety of dance moves, with different leg activation patterns and rhythmical variations, solo jazz provides for a highly critical validation environment. We consider 15 different solo jazz dance moves, with different leg activation patterns, assembled in a sequence of 5 repetitions of each, giving 65 moves altogether. A professional and a recreational dancer performed this assembly in a controlled environment, following eight dancing tempos, dictated by a metronome, and ranging from 80 bpm to 220 bpm with 20 bpm increment steps. We show that with appropriate enhancements and using single leg signals, the comb filter bank provides for accurate dance tempo estimates for all moves and rhythmical variations considered. Dance tempo estimates for the overall assembles match strongly the dictated tempo—the difference being at most 1 bpm for all measurement instances is within the limits of the established beat onset stability of the used metronome. Results further show that this accuracy is achievable for shorter dancing excerpts, comprising four dance moves, corresponding to one music phrase, and as such enables real-time feedback. By providing for a dancer’s tempo quality and consistency assessment, the presented methodology has the potential of supporting the learning process, classifying individual level of experience, and assessing overall performance. It is extendable to other dance styles and sport motion in general where cyclical patterns occur.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Effects of Types of Coarse Aggregate on Strength of Different Grades of Concrete in Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Uche Felix Ikechukwu ◽  
Franklyn Chukwujike Kenkwo
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Curing Age

Production characteristics and compositions of constituent ingredients of concrete influence to a large extent the quality of concrete works in general. The levels of implication of these factors on performance of concrete are therefore appraised for improved production of concrete work in the study area. Experimental research method was adopted to obtain data on the compressive strength of concrete produced at some construction sites in the study area. A preliminary survey conducted confirmed that 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 mix ratios are commonly used as their mix designs. Forty eight concrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were used to collect sample at the selected sites for the laboratory tests. Product moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of relationship for changes in the increasing strength of concrete with increase in curing ages between concrete produced with sedimentary and granite aggregates. On the other hand, differences in proportion of variation on strength of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 concrete mix ratios between concrete produced with the various types of aggregates at 7-day and 28-day curing ages respectively were analyzed using Z–test statistics.  Findings reveal that it is only concrete produced with granite material aggregate at the 28-day curing age reached the minimum stipulated standard strength values of 21N/mm2 and 18N/mm2 for 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 concrete mix ratios respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 and 0.993 for 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 concrete mix ratios respectively were calculated to confirm very strong association in changes in strength as the curing age increases between concrete produced with the two different aggregates. The difference in proportion of the variations in the two different mix ratios between the two different aggregates at the curing ages however are not significant in the study. Thus, the study concludes that mix ratio and curing age which remain positively strong on their effects on quality of concrete are as well significant as aggregate type in the overall performance of concrete. Granite material aggregate therefore was recommended to be used for concrete production of higher quality; and as well be always cured till the 28th day of production for desired strength of the concrete.

INFLUENCE THE RIBS IN NEW MODEL OF CHANNEL PATH ON HYDRO-THERMAL PERFORMANCE IN SERPENTINE MINI- CHANNEL HEAT SINK

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (Special) ◽  
pp. 2-115-2-123
Author(s):  
Hind M. Mohammed ◽  
◽  
Basim H. Abood ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Conventional Model ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Well Model ◽  
New Models ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Agreement

The aim of the present study is to enhance of heat transfer in mini channel heat sink. To reach the target of this study a new models of mini channel heat sink is proposed the traditional model, model (A) and model (B). Both model (A, B) has straight serpentine mini channel heat sink with inlet at the center, the difference between them is that model(B) has ribs within channel, the diameter of ribs is 1 mm with distance between ribs 5mm. A 3D (ANSYS Fluent program) 2019R3 is used to obtain the numerical outcomes. A good agreement is found when compared the experimental outcomes from the literature review and the numerical results of the traditional model in the current study. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that the formation of flow has a great impact on heat transfer, Though the model with serpentine straight channel improve the pressure drop, thermal resistance, Nusselt number and the distribution of temperature in the base of heat sink. The overall performance factor (OPF) for new models under study are superior than conventional model. In addition, the average OPF for model (A) is [1.43] and for model (B) is [1.33] as compared with traditional model. As well, model (A) is superior as compared with model (B) by 6.99 % due to the effectual uniformity in the base of heat sink and efficient OPF.

Evaluation of molassed sugar-beet pulp nuts supplemented with urea as an energy and protein source for lactating ewes

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ducker ◽  
J. Fraser ◽  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intermediate Performance

SUMMARYA molassed sugar-beet product with added urea and dicalcium phosphate was evaluated as an energy and protein source for housed lactating ewes. Comparisons were made with a barley-vegetable protein and a barley-urea concentrate each formulated to supply approximately the same amount of crude protein. The overall performance of ewes and lambs given barley and vegetable protein was very significantly superior to that of ewes receiving the sugar-beet product. At 6 weeks after lambing the ewes given barley and vegetable protein had lost 57% (with singles) and 23% (with twins) less weight and their lambs had grown 28% (singles) and 48% (twins) more quickly than for ewes receiving the sugar-beet product. The intermediate performance of the ewes receiving barley and urea illustrated that the difference between the barley-vegetable protein concentrate and the sugar-beet product was both an energy and a protein effect.

scholarly journals Numerical Study of Hub Taper Angle on Podded Propeller Performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mohammed F. Islam ◽  
Brian Veitch ◽  
Neil Bose ◽  
Pengfei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Taper Angle ◽  
Propulsive Performance ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Propeller Blades ◽  
Propeller Performance

Presently, the majority of podded propulsion systems are of the pulling type, because this type provides better hydrodynamic efficiency than the pushing type. There are several possible explanations for the better overall performance of a puller-type podded propulsor. One is related to the difference in hub taper angle. Puller and pusher propellers have opposite hub taper angles, hence different hub and blade root shape. These differences cause changes in the flow condition and possibly influence the overall performance. The current study focuses on the variation in performance of pusher and puller propellers with the same design of blade sections, but different hub taper angles. A hyperboloidal low-order source-doublet steady/unsteady time domain panel method code, PROPELLA, was modified and used to evaluate effects of hub taper angle on the open water propulsive performance of some fixed-pitch screw propellers used in podded propulsion systems. Major findings include good agreement between predictions using the modified code and measurements, significant effects of hub taper angle on propulsive performance of tapered hub propellers, and noticeable effects of hub taper angle on sectional pressure distributions of tapered hub propeller blades.

scholarly journals Which method is more accurate? or errors have error bars

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Error Bars ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Square Errors

This document is my attempt at distilling some of the information in two papers published by Anthony Nicholls (J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des. 2014, 28, 887; ibid 2016, 30, 103). Anthony also very kindly provided some new equations, not found in the papers, in response to my questions. The paper describes how one determines whether the difference in accuracy of two methods in predicting some properties for the same data set is statistically significant using root-mean-square errors, mean absolute errors, mean errors, and Pearsons r values.

A Weighted Assignment Approach Using Recommendation Routing for Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks-WEAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Siva Rama Krishnan Somayaji ◽  
Arun Kumar Thangavelu
Keyword(s):  
Congestion Control ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Dynamic Weight ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Assignment Scheme ◽  
Assignment Approach

Background: Congestion can happen in WSNs while congregating the information and sending it towards the sink. It leads to increased packet delay, indiscriminate packet loss, severe fidelity degradation and wasted node energy. Objective: The aim of the proposed work is to suppress congestion using a dynamic weight assignment scheme, where each sensor node transmits the data in accordance to the weight assigned to it, thus ensuring priority fairness and minimizing packet loss. The proposed congestion control technique shall boost the overall performance of the system by supporting assured delivery of high importance events to sinks. Methods: Weights are assigned to each record based on two things, the delay in sending and receiving, and the change in value of the variables passed by the nodes. If the difference in timestamp is below a threshold (alpha) and the difference in the values is above a threshold (Beta), it gets a weight of W1, which is like a high priority data record. Similarly, if the difference in timestamp is above a threshold (gamma) and the values passed by the nodes have changed a negligible amount, that record is assigned a weight of W3, which is the least priority. Results: From the analysis, it is inferred that proposed method had a higher throughput and the throughput was equally distributed among all the participating nodes. Conclusion: The proposed method endeavours to avoid congestion by implementing an effective queuing mechanism to reinforce definitive wireless communication.

scholarly journals The impact of braiding covariance and in-survey covariance on next-generation galaxy surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 634 ◽  
pp. A74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Lacasa
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Parameters ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Angular Power Spectrum ◽  
Galaxy Surveys ◽  
Sample Covariance ◽  
Error Bar ◽  
Error Bars ◽  
Non Gaussian ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parameter Constraints

As galaxy surveys improve their precision thanks to lower levels of noise and the push toward small, non-linear scales, the need for accurate covariances beyond the classical Gaussian formula becomes more acute. Here I investigate the analytical implementation and impact of non-Gaussian covariance terms that I had previously derived for the galaxy angular power spectrum. Braiding covariance is such an interesting class of such terms and it gets contributions both from in-survey and super-survey modes, the latter proving difficult to calibrate through simulations. I present an approximation for braiding covariance which speeds up the process of numerical computation. I show that including braiding covariance is a necessary condition for including other non-Gaussian terms, namely the in-survey 2-, 3-, and 4-halo covariance. Indeed these terms yield incorrect covariance matrices with negative eigenvalues if considered on their own. I then move to quantify the impact on parameter constraints, with forecasts for a survey with Euclid-like galaxy density and angular scales. Compared with the Gaussian case, braiding and in-survey covariances significantly increase the error bars on cosmological parameters, in particular by 50% for the dark energy equation of state w. The error bars on the halo occupation distribution (HOD) parameters are also affected between 12% and 39%. Accounting for super-sample covariance (SSC) also increases parameter errors, by 90% for w and between 7% and 64% for HOD. In total, non-Gaussianity increases the error bar on w by 120% (between 15% and 80% for other cosmological parameters) and the error bars on HOD parameters between 17% and 85%. Accounting for the 1-halo trispectrum term on top of SSC, as has been done in some current analyses, is not sufficient for capturing the full non-Gaussian impact: braiding and the rest of in-survey covariance have to be accounted for. Finally, I discuss why the inclusion of non-Gaussianity generally eases up parameter degeneracies, making cosmological constraints more robust for astrophysical uncertainties. I released publicly the data and a Python notebook reproducing the results and plots of the article.

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