scholarly journals Information and Processes Underlying Semantic and Episodic Memory Across Tasks, Items, and Individuals

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Edward Cox ◽  
Amy H. Criss ◽  
William Roger Aue ◽  
Pernille Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Lexical Memory ◽  
Single Item ◽  
Bayesian Techniques

The development of memory theory has been constrained by a focus on isolated tasks rather than the processes and information that are common to situations in which memory is engaged. We present results from a study in which 453 participants took part in five different memory tasks: single-item recognition, associative recognition, cued recall, free recall, and lexical decision. Using hierarchical Bayesian techniques, we jointly analyzed the correlations between tasks within individuals—reflecting the degree to which tasks rely on shared cognitive processes—and within items—reflecting the degree to which tasks rely on the same information conveyed by the item. Among other things, we find that (a) the processes involved in lexical access and episodic memory are largely separate and rely on different kinds of information; (b) access to lexical memory is driven primarily by perceptual aspects of a word; (c) all episodic memory tasks rely to an extent on a set of shared processes which make use of semantic features to encode both single words and associations between words; (d) recall involves additional processes likely related to contextual cuing and response production. These results provide a large-scale picture of memory across different tasks which can serve to drive the development of comprehensive theories of memory.Published version now available from the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000407

Models of Episodic Memory

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy H. Criss ◽  
Marc W. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Single Item ◽  
Current State ◽  
Event Models ◽  
State Of Affairs

Episodic memory refers to memory for specific episodes from one’s life, such as working in the garden yesterday afternoon while enjoying the warm sun and chirping birds. In the laboratory, the study of episodic memory has been dominated by two tasks: single item recognition and recall. In single item recognition, participants are simply presented a cue and asked if they remember it appearing during the event in question (e.g., a specific flower from the garden) and in free recall they are asked to generate all aspects of the event. Models of episodic memory have focused on describing detailed patterns of performance in these and other laboratory tasks believed to be sensitive to episodic memory. This chapter reviews models with a focus on models of recognition with a specific emphasis on REM (Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) and models of recall with a focus on TCM (Howard & Kahana, 2002). We conclude that the current state of affairs, with no unified model of multiple memory tasks, is unsatisfactory and offer suggestions for addressing this gap.

Does Scopolamine Directly Impair Memory?

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Grober ◽  
Rosanne M. Leipzig ◽  
Richard B. Lipton ◽  
Wendy Wisniewski ◽  
Mary Schroeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Cholinergic Blockade ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent

Enhanced cued recall, a procedure which circumvents inattention and induces semantic processing, was used to determine if scopolamine produces direct impairment of specific memory mechanisms or indirect impairment of memory secondary to impairment of other cognitive processes. In two studies, cognitively normal young adults given moderate or high doses of scopolamine maintained maximum cued recall in spite of a dose-dependent decrement in free recall. This finding suggests that cholinergic blockade may impair memory indirectly through effects on other cognitive processes.

Lateralization of Prefrontal Activity during Episodic Memory Retrieval: Evidence for the Production-Monitoring Hypothesis

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Jill K. Locantore ◽  
Nicole D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Context Recognition ◽  
Production Monitoring ◽  
The Right

We propose a new hypothesis concerning the lateralization of prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during verbal episodic memory retrieval. The hypothesis states that the left PFC is differentially more involved in semantically guided information production than is the right PFC, and that the right PFC is differentially more involved in monitoring and verification than is the left PFC. This “production-monitoring hypothesis” differs from the existing “systematic-heuristic hypothesis,” which proposes that the left PFC is primarily involved in systematic retrieval operations, and the right PFC in heuristic retrieval operations. To compare the two hypotheses, we measured PFC activity using positron emission tomography (PET) during the performance of four episodic retrieval tasks: stem cued recall, associative cued recall, context recognition (source memory), and item recognition. Recall tasks emphasized production processes, whereas recognition tasks emphasized monitoring processes. Stem cued recall and context-recognition tasks underscored systematic operations, whereas associative cued recall and item-recognition tasks underscored heuristic operations. Consistent with the production-monitoring hypothesis, the left PFC was more activated for recall than for recognition tasks and the right PFC was more activated for recognition than for recall tasks. Inconsistent with the systematic-heuristic hypothesis, the left PFC was more activated for heuristic than for systematic tasks and the right PFC showed the converse result. Additionally, the study yielded activation differences outside the PFC. In agreement with a previous recall/recognition PET study, anterior cingulate, cerebellar, and striatal regions were more activated for recall than for recognition tasks, and the converse occurred for posterior parietal regions. A right medial temporal lobe region was more activated for stem cued recall and context recognition than for associative cued recall and item recognition, possibly reflecting perceptual integration. In sum, the results provide evidence for the production-monitoring hypothesis and clarify the role of different brain regions typically activated in PET and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of episodic retrieval.

Frontal lobe damage produces episodic memory impairment

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Wheeler ◽  
Donald T. Stuss ◽  
Endel Tulving
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Frontal Lobe Damage

AbstractThis article reports the outcome of a meta-analysis of the relation between the frontal lobes and memory as measured by tests of recognition, cued recall, and free recall. We reviewed experiments in which patients with documented, circumscribed frontal pathology were compared with normal control subjects on these three types of tests. Contrary to conventional wisdom, there is strong evidence that frontal damage disrupts performance on all three types of tests, with the greatest impairment in free recall, and the smallest in recognition. (JINS, 1995, 1, 525–536.)

scholarly journals How do recall requirements affect decision-making in free recall initiation? A linear ballistic accumulator approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam F Osth ◽  
Aimee Reed ◽  
Simon Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Single Item ◽  
Bayesian Techniques ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Linear Ballistic Accumulator ◽  
Rt Distributions

Models of free recall describe free recall initiation as a decision-making process in which items compete to be retrieved. Recently, Osth and Farrell (2019) applied evidence accumulation models to complete RT distributions and serial positions of participants' first recalls in free recall which resulted in some novel conclusions about primacy and recency effects. Specifically, the results of the modeling favored an account in which primacy was due to reinstatement of the start-of-the-list and recency was found to be exponential in shape. In this work, we examine what happens when participants are given alternative recall instructions. Prior work has demonstrated weaker primacy and greater recency when fewer items are required to report \cite{WardTan19}, and a key question is whether this change in instructions qualitatively changes the nature of the recall process, or merely changes the parameters of the recall competition. We conducted an experiment where participants studied 6 or 12 item lists and were post-cued as to whether to retrieve a single item, or as many items as possible. Subsequently, we applied LBA models with various assumptions about primacy and recency, implemented using hierarchical Bayesian techniques. While greater recency was observed when only one item was required for output, the model selection did not suggest there were qualitative differences between the two conditions. Specifically, start-of-list reinstatement and exponential recency functions were favored in both conditions.

scholarly journals Recallable but not Recognizable: The Influence of Semantic Priming in Recall Paradigms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Ozubko ◽  
Lindsey Ann Sirianni ◽  
Fahad N. Ahmad ◽  
Colin M. MacLeod ◽  
Richard James Addante
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Electrophysiological Methods ◽  
Correctly Recall

AbstractWhen people can successfully recall a studied word, they should be able to recognize it as having been studied. In cued recall paradigms, however, participants sometimes correctly recall words in the presence of strong semantic cues but then fail to recognize those words as actually having been studied. Although the conditions necessary to produce this unusual effect are known, the underlying neural correlates have not been investigated. Across two experiments, involving both behavioral and electrophysiological methods (EEG), we investigated the cognitive and neural processes that underlie recognition failures. Experiments 1A and 1B showed that, in cued recall paradigms, presuming that recalled items can be recognized is a flawed assumption: Recognition failures occur in the presence of cues, regardless of whether those failures are measured. Experiment 2 showed that successfully recalled words that are recognized are driven by recollection at recall and by a combination of recollection and familiarity at recognition; in contrast, recognition failures are driven by semantic priming at recall and followed by negative-going ERP effects consistent with implicit processes such as repetition fluency and context familiarity at recognition. These results demonstrate that recall—long-characterized as predominantly reflecting recollection-based processing in episodic memory—can at times also be served by a confluence of implicit cognitive processes.

The Teco Theory and Lawful Dependency in Successive Episodic Memory Tests

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sverker Sikström
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Recognition Failure ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Strong Claim

A large number of experiments in successive tests of episodic memory have focused on an experimental paradigm called recognition failure of recallable words. In this paradigm, a cued recall test follows a recognition test. Large amounts of data have revealed a lawful moderate dependence between recognition and cued recall. TECO (Sikström, 1996b), a general connectionist theory of memory, has been applied for the phenomenon of recognition failure. This paper makes a strong claim that all possible pairwise combinations of successive tests between recognition, cued recognition, cued recall, and free recall follow a lawful relationship. The quantitative degree of the dependency predicted between these tests can be summarized in one function. Four experiments were conducted to test this claim. In line with the predictions, the results show that all pairwise combinations of these tests fit reasonably well with the proposed function. The TECO theory suggests theoretical insights into how recognition and recall may be divided into a recollection component, a familiarity component, and a cue-target integration component.

Hypermnesia occurs in both free recall and cued recall tests

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Payne ◽  
Jeffrey S. Anastasi
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Cued Recall

scholarly journals Static and dynamic functional connectivity supports the configuration of brain networks associated with creative cognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Uday Patil ◽  
Sejal Ghate ◽  
Deepa Madathil ◽  
Ovid J. L. Tzeng ◽  
Hsu-Wen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Creative Cognition ◽  
Network Flexibility ◽  
Community Detection Algorithm ◽  
Window Approach

AbstractCreative cognition is recognized to involve the integration of multiple spontaneous cognitive processes and is manifested as complex networks within and between the distributed brain regions. We propose that the processing of creative cognition involves the static and dynamic re-configuration of brain networks associated with complex cognitive processes. We applied the sliding-window approach followed by a community detection algorithm and novel measures of network flexibility on the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of 8 major functional brain networks to reveal static and dynamic alterations in the network reconfiguration during creative cognition using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Our results demonstrate the temporal connectivity of the dynamic large-scale creative networks between default mode network (DMN), salience network, and cerebellar network during creative cognition, and advance our understanding of the network neuroscience of creative cognition.

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