scholarly journals A mathematical model for understanding how lymph node architecture scales with host body size

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
soumya banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Optimal Distribution ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Node Architecture ◽  
Host Body Size

The immune system can detect and respond against pathogens in time that does not varywith the size of the host animal. We suggest that this is due to the architecture of lymphnodes. Lymph nodes are anatomical structures that facilitate the otherwise serendipitousencounter of immune system cells with pathogens. We develop two complementarymathematical approaches to derive the optimal distribution of lymph nodes that enable arapid immune response. Our work gives insights into the optimal design and architectureof the immune system and provides valuable inspiration for designing efficientcomputing systems.

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling of trastuzumab-induced immune response in an in vivo murine model of HER2+ breast cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M Jarrett ◽  
Meghan J Bloom ◽  
Wesley Godfrey ◽  
Anum K Syed ◽  
David A Ekrut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Her2 Breast Cancer ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Abstract The goal of this study is to develop an integrated, mathematical–experimental approach for understanding the interactions between the immune system and the effects of trastuzumab on breast cancer that overexpresses the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). A system of coupled, ordinary differential equations was constructed to describe the temporal changes in tumour growth, along with intratumoural changes in the immune response, vascularity, necrosis and hypoxia. The mathematical model is calibrated with serially acquired experimental data of tumour volume, vascularity, necrosis and hypoxia obtained from either imaging or histology from a murine model of HER2+ breast cancer. Sensitivity analysis shows that model components are sensitive for 12 of 13 parameters, but accounting for uncertainty in the parameter values, model simulations still agree with the experimental data. Given theinitial conditions, the mathematical model predicts an increase in the immune infiltrates over time in the treated animals. Immunofluorescent staining results are presented that validate this prediction by showing an increased co-staining of CD11c and F4/80 (proteins expressed by dendritic cells and/or macrophages) in the total tissue for the treated tumours compared to the controls ($p < 0.03$). We posit that the proposed mathematical–experimental approach can be used to elucidate driving interactions between the trastuzumab-induced responses in the tumour and the immune system that drive the stabilization of vasculature while simultaneously decreasing tumour growth—conclusions revealed by the mathematical model that were not deducible from the experimental data alone.

Correlation of peripheral blood lymphocyte counts with outcome and histopathologic features of lymphocytic inflammation in patients with stage II colorectal carcinoma.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 475-475
Author(s):  
Hector Hugo Li-Chang ◽  
Naziheh Assarzadegan ◽  
David Messenger ◽  
Andrea Grin ◽  
Christopher Howlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Colorectal Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Peripheral Lymphocyte ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Reactive Changes ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes

475 Background: The prognostic importance of the local antitumor immune response in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is well established. Recent studies suggest that systemic antitumor immunity may also impact on survival. This study aimed to determine the relationship between peripheral blood lymphocyte counts (PBLCs), reactive features in regional lymph nodes, local tumoral/peri-tumoral lymphocytic inflammation and survival in stage II CRC. Methods: Resection specimens from 185 patients with stage II CRC were assessed for peri-tumoral lymphocytic inflammation, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, lymph node yield, lymph node size, and reactive changes in individual lymph nodes. Reactive changes were scored semi-quantitatively and given a reactivity [R] score of 1-4 based on the presence and size of germinal centers. Pre-operative PBLCs and neutrophil counts were recorded. Results: Lower peripheral lymphocyte counts were associated with advanced age (p = 0.016), T4 disease (p = 0.006), venous invasion (p = 0.006), lymph node yields <12 (p = 0.024), smaller mean nodal diameters (p = 0.021), absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p = 0.002) and fewer highly-reactive lymph nodes (R score 4) per case (p = 0.032). Cox regression analysis revealed that advanced age (Hazard Ratio, 1.03 per year [95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.05]; p = 0.015) and higher peripheral lymphocyte counts (HR, 0.52 per 1x109cells/L [95% CI, 0.31-0.86]; p = 0.011) were independently predictive of disease-free survival. Neutrophil counts were not associated with outcome. A higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was associated with worse survival on univariate, but not multivariable analysis. Conclusions: The PBLC is an independent predictor of survival in stage II CRC, and is significantly associated with the immune status of regional lymph nodes and the local lymphocytic immune response.

scholarly journals Lymph node inspired computing: immune system inspired architectures for human-engineered complex systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Distributed Computing ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Decentralized System

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

scholarly journals Lymph node inspired computing: towards holistic immune system inspired algorithms for human-engineered complex systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Distributed Computing ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Decentralized System

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

scholarly journals Can the lymph node reactivity pattern in the pN0 neck analysis provide any additional prognostic information in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma?

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Gabriel Manfro ◽  
Claudio Cernea ◽  
Paulo Antônio Silvestre de Faria ◽  
Fernando Vaz Agarez ◽  
Fernando Luiz Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Selective Neck Dissection ◽  
Follicular Hyperplasia ◽  
Paracortical Hyperplasia

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of lymph node reactivity on recurrence and survival rates in a population of pT3 or pT4 pN0 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Between 2002 and 2005, 105 patients with LSSC underwent total laryngectomy with bilateral selective neck dissection including levels II, III and IV. Most (69) received PO radiotherapy. All pathological specimens were either pT3 or pT4, and all necks were pN0. All lymph nodes were analyzed and their reactivity status were classified as the following four patterns: follicular hyperplasia associated with humoral response, paracortical hyperplasia associated with cellular response, sinus histiocytosis with no association with specific immune response, or normal lymph node. Only the first two patterns were considered stimulated, whereas the last two were considered non-stimulated. The most prevalent pattern in a particular neck specimen was considered for the analysis of recurrence and survival. Results: The total number of lymph nodes studied was 3,648, with an average of 34.7 lymph nodes/neck specimens. The most frequent lymph node reactivity patterns were sinusal histiocytosis (50 cases), paracortical hyperplasia (35 cases), and follicular hyperplasia (20 cases). There was no statistical association of these individual patterns with recurrence rate (p = 0.98) or mortality (p = 0.49). However, there was a statistically significant association between paracortical hyperplasia pattern (related to cellular lymph node immunity) and improved five-year survival (76 versus 60%; log-rank = 0.05). Conclusions: There was a positive correlation between stimulated cellular lymph node pattern and improved 5-year survival rate in patients with pN0 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting the indication of adjuvant treatment for those individuals with decreased immune response, even in the absence of pathologic metastases detected by the usual methods.

scholarly journals A qualitative mathematical model of immunocompetence with applications to SARS-CoV-2 immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Burgos-Salcedo
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Random Graphs ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Emergent Structure

A qualitative mathematical model of the notion of immunocompetence is developed, based on the formalism of Memory Evolutive Systems (MES), from which, immunocompetence is defined as an emergent structure of a higher order arising from the signal networks that are established between effector cells and molecules of the immune response in the presence of a given antigen. In addition, a possible mechanism of functorial nature is proposed, which may explain how immunocompetence is achieved in an organism endowed with innate and adaptive components of its immune system. Finally, a practical method to measure the immunocompetence status is established, using elements of the theory of small random graphs and taking into account the characteristics of the immune networks, established through transcriptional studies, of patients with severe COVID-19 and healthy patients, assuming that both types of patients were vaccinated with an effective biological against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Lymph Node Stromal Cells From Different Draining Areas Distinctly Regulate the Development of Chronic Intestinal Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijana Basic ◽  
Pia Pascale Peppermüller ◽  
Silvia Bolsega ◽  
André Bleich ◽  
Melanie Bornemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Peripheral Lymph ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Chronic Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Lymph Node Stromal Cells

The balance between the responsiveness of the intestinal immune system and the gut environment is fundamental for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, which is required for an adequate recognition of entering antigens. The disruption of this homeostasis by exaggerated immune response to harmless antigens can lead to the development of intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Stromal cells are sessile non-hematopoietic cells that build the backbone of the lymph node, an important site for the immune response induction, but also contribute to immune response and tolerance induction. However, the knowledge about the role of stromal cells in the regulation of inflammatory responses is still limited. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the influence of stromal cells on the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. Here, we show that intestinal inflammation alters the immune activation of the mesenteric lymph node-derived stromal cells. Podoplanin+ and CD21/35+ stromal cells showed increased expression of MHC class II molecules, but CD106 expression on CD21/35+ cells was reduced. Stromal cells secreted cytokines and chemokines such as CCL7 and CXCL16 influenced the gut-homing phenotype and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, stromal cells of peripheral lymph nodes transplanted into the mesentery attenuated colitis severity in B6-Il10-/- mice. The reduced colitis severity in these mice was associated with increased expression of IL4 and distinct activation pattern of stromal cells derived from transplanted peripheral lymph nodes. Altogether, our results demonstrate that lymph node stromal cells impact development of chronic colitis via T cell induction. Moreover, lymph node stromal cells from different draining area due to neonatally imprinted processes distinctly regulate the induction of immune responses.

scholarly journals Lymph node inspired computing: towards holistic immune system inspired algorithms for human-engineered complex systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Distributed Computing ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Decentralized System

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

scholarly journals Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical features of lymph nodes in COVID-19 patients (autopsy study)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
A.M. Kovrigina ◽  
◽  
E.A. Shalamova ◽  
Yu.S. Berezovskiy ◽  
D.V. Kalinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
Reactive Plasmacytosis ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Introduction. The pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 is being actively studied. Nevertheless, our up-to-date knowledge of lymphoid tissue response in the secondary immune organs dur-ing severe COVID-19 remains extremely limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate patterns of immu-nomorphological alterations in lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 and to assess lymphocytes functional activity in them. Materials and methods. Lymph node tissue (autopsy material) from 17 deceased patients with severe COVID-19 was examined by histological and immunohistochemical methods using antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD20, CD30, CD123, CD138, PD-1. Results. Examined lymph nodes demonstrated lymphoid follicles reduction and paracortex expansion with reactive plasmacytosis and extrafollicular B-cell activation as well as sinus histiocytosis, variable hemophago-cytic cells, and blood vessel congestion. Red thrombi were observed in some lymph nodes. Hemorrhages in the stroma were frequent, and massive hemorrhages were found in individual nodes. Immunohistochemical study revealed CD4+ T-helpers predominance in the paracortex andcytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes depletion together with an increase in the expression of both the PD-1 suppressor protein and the CD30 activation anti-gen on the lymphocyte surface. CD123-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cells resided in sinuses in abundance. Conclusion. Demonstrated B-associated zone reduction and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes depletion with an up-regulation of PD-1 expression in the lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 indicate immune response exhaustion. At the same time, observed significant reactive plasmacytosis with the presence of numerous T-helper cells constitutes a morphological substrate of the humoral immunity. These findings might indicate the ineffec-tiveness of the humoral response at late stages of COVID-19 infection in context of cytotoxic immunity failure. Keywords: novel coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, B- and T- immune response, lymph node

Immunohistochemical evaluation of cellular composition of the immune system of lymph nodes in acute appendicitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
Jakub Żurawski ◽  
Patrycja Talarska ◽  
Stanisław Łazowski ◽  
Marcin Grochowalski ◽  
Jacek Karoń
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Muscle Membrane

Introduction. There is not much data about the composition of populations of the immune system in acute appendicitis. The basic histopathological criterion for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is neutrophil infiltration of the muscle membrane. Aim. The subject of this publication is a semi-quantitative evaluation of B lymphocytes (CD20+), T lymphocytes (CD3+) and macrophages (CD68+), and the determination of the number of active lymph nodes during the course of inflammation.Material and Methods. The study material was obtained from 79 patients who had an appendectomy due to acute appendicitis. In this group, the tissue was obtained from: 34 women (aged 20 to 91) and 45 men (aged 20 to 72).Results. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. Independent of the type of inflammation, the cellular make-up of the nodes is similar. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent.Conclusions. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent. A statistically significant number of the examined cells of the immunological system in the lymph nodes changed due to inflammation (p<0.001). B and T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and in the mucous membrane of the appendix differed depending on the sex, and the presence of B lymphocytes in the mucous membrane was significantly higher in the group of 20-40 years of age. T lymphocytes were predominant in the centres of the lymph nodes in groups 20-40 and 61-91 years of age, and in the peripheral zones in the group of 41-60 years of age.

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