scholarly journals Mathematical modelling of trastuzumab-induced immune response in an in vivo murine model of HER2+ breast cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M Jarrett ◽  
Meghan J Bloom ◽  
Wesley Godfrey ◽  
Anum K Syed ◽  
David A Ekrut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Her2 Breast Cancer ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Abstract The goal of this study is to develop an integrated, mathematical–experimental approach for understanding the interactions between the immune system and the effects of trastuzumab on breast cancer that overexpresses the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). A system of coupled, ordinary differential equations was constructed to describe the temporal changes in tumour growth, along with intratumoural changes in the immune response, vascularity, necrosis and hypoxia. The mathematical model is calibrated with serially acquired experimental data of tumour volume, vascularity, necrosis and hypoxia obtained from either imaging or histology from a murine model of HER2+ breast cancer. Sensitivity analysis shows that model components are sensitive for 12 of 13 parameters, but accounting for uncertainty in the parameter values, model simulations still agree with the experimental data. Given theinitial conditions, the mathematical model predicts an increase in the immune infiltrates over time in the treated animals. Immunofluorescent staining results are presented that validate this prediction by showing an increased co-staining of CD11c and F4/80 (proteins expressed by dendritic cells and/or macrophages) in the total tissue for the treated tumours compared to the controls ($p < 0.03$). We posit that the proposed mathematical–experimental approach can be used to elucidate driving interactions between the trastuzumab-induced responses in the tumour and the immune system that drive the stabilization of vasculature while simultaneously decreasing tumour growth—conclusions revealed by the mathematical model that were not deducible from the experimental data alone.

Immunotherapy: New insights in breast cancer treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bader Alshehri
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Breast Tumor ◽  
Parp Inhibitor ◽  
Breast Cancer Treatment ◽  
New Treatment

Breast cancer being the most malignant and lethal disease persistent among women globally. Immunotherapy as a new treatment modality has emerged in understanding the loopholes in the treatment of breast cancer which is mainly attributed to the potential of tumor cells to evade and survive the immune response by developing various strategies. Therefore, improved understanding of the immune evasion by cancer cells and the monoclonal antibodies against PD- and PD-L1 can help us in the diagnosis of this malignancy. Here in this article, I have highlighted that in addition to focusing on other strategies for breast cancer treatment, the involvement of immune system in breast cancer is vital for the understanding of this malignancy. Further, the complete involvement of immune system in the relapse or recurrence of the breast tumor and have also highlighted the role of vaccines, PD-1 and CTLA-4 with the recent advances in the field. Moreover, in addition to the application of immunotherapy as a sole therapy, combinations of immunotherapy with various strategies like targeting it with MEK inhibitors, Vaccines, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitor has shown to have significant benefits is also discussed in this article.

Application of a Bubble-Induced Turbulence Model to Subcooled Boiling in a Vertical Pipe

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmut D. Mat ◽  
Yüksel Kaplan ◽  
Olusegun J. Ilegbusi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Turbulence Model ◽  
Transport Equations ◽  
Subcooled Boiling ◽  
Vertical Pipe ◽  
Void Fractions ◽  
Turbulence Production ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Abstract Subcooled boiling of water in a vertical pipe is numerically investigated. The mathematical model involves solution of transport equations for vapor and liquid phase separately. Turbulence model considers the turbulence production and dissipation by the motion of the bubbles. The radial and axial void fractions, temperature and velocity profiles in the pipe are calculated. The estimated results are compared to experimental data available in the literature. It is found that while present study satisfactorily agrees with experimental data in the literature, it improves the prediction at lower void fractions.

Analytical Study of Hydro-Pneumatic Processes for Gorlov's Power System

1994 ◽  
Vol 208 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
A I Ryazanov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Power System ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Pneumatic Power ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Mathematical Model

This paper describes the aerohydrodvnamics of processes in chambers of Gorlov's hydro-pneumatic power system. The mathematical model is developed to determine the main parameters of the processes: water and air velocities, air pressure in the chamber, the periods of time required to fill and empty the chambers and the output of energy during the cycle. The results obtained are in agreement with experimental data and model tests.

scholarly journals MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF LEACHING PROCESS OF RED MUD IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE KINETICS PARAMETERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. M. Dos Passos ◽  
B. M. Viegas ◽  
E. N. Macêdo ◽  
J. A. S. Souza ◽  
E. M. Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
Kinetics Parameters ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Iron Leaching ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The use of the waste of the Bayer process, red mud, is due to its chemical and mineralogical composition that shows a material rich in oxides of iron, titanium and aluminum. Some studies conducted show that this waste can be applied as a source of alternative raw material for concentration and subsequent recovery of titanium compounds from an iron leaching process, which is present in higher amounts, about 30% by weight. To obtain a greater understanding about the leaching kinetics, the information of the kinetic data of this process is very important. In this context, the main objective of this work is the development of a mathematical model that is able to fit the experimental data (conversion / extraction iron, titanium and aluminum) of the leaching process by which is possible to obtain the main kinetic parameters such as the activation energy and the velocity of chemical reactions as well as the controlling step of the process. The development of the mathematical model was based on the model of core decreasing. The obtained model system of ordinary differential equations was able to fit the experimental data obtained from the leaching process, enabling the determination of the controlling step, the rate constants and the activation energies of the leaching process.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF IMMUNE-INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN ACUTE PNEUMONIA

1995 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. RUDNEV ◽  
A. A. ROMANYUKHA
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Acute Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Resistance

Using ordinary differential equations, we propose a mathematical model describing an “averaged” dynamics of variables involved in which some parameters are shown to be important characteristics of lung resistance. The model consists of modified D.A. Lauffenburger’s mathematical model for inflammatory reaction in lungs, and the model of humoral immune response (G. I. Marchuk). Coefficients are identified against clinical and experimental data. We attempt to elucidate some disease characteristics in terms of sensitivity analysis of model solutions with respect to parameters variations.

scholarly journals Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: An Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117822341877480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issam Makhoul ◽  
Mohammad Atiq ◽  
Ahmed Alwbari ◽  
Thomas Kieber-Emmons
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Disease ◽  
Immune Attack

The immune system plays a major role in cancer surveillance. Harnessing its power to treat many cancers is now a reality that has led to cures in hopeless situations where no other solutions were available from traditional anticancer drugs. These spectacular achievements rekindled the oncology community’s interest in extending the benefits to all cancers including breast cancer. The first section of this article reviews the biological foundations of the immune response to different subtypes of breast cancer and the ways cancer may overcome the immune attack leading to cancer disease. The second section is dedicated to the actual immune treatments including breast cancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and the “unconventional” immune role of chemotherapy.

Therapeutic Potential of Lymphoid Infiltrates in Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yang Chen ◽  
Puay Hoon Tan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Adoptive Cell Transfer ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Patient Specific

: Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances in breast cancer, it remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in females, with the highest cancer-related mortality rate in women globally. With an improved understanding of the complex interactions between breast cancer and the immune system, immunotherapy has shown great potential in clinical management, potentially adding to current treatment modalities. These immunotherapeutic approaches include adoptive cell transfer therapy, cancer vaccination, monoclonal antibody therapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. Depending on the immune cells and cytokines present, the tumour microenvironment (TME) can be immunosuppressive or favourable for mounting an immune response. Effector lymphocytes play an essential role during an anticancer immune response, but their activities can be suppressed by the hostile TME. Many studies have made good progress in the modulation of the immune response to allow the identification and elimination of tumour cells. However, the efficacy of these immunotherapies is patient-specific and highly dependent on the immunological profile of the tumour and its TME. This review will give an overview of breast cancer, the immune system as well as their complex relationship. Strategies and approaches that can harness the potential of immunotherapy that engages lymphocytes in the treatment of breast cancer, along with their current challenges, will also be discussed.

Development of a Mathematical Model for Performance Prediction of Planing Catamaran in Calm Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (A2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Performance Prediction ◽  
Data Evaluation ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Calm Water ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Comparison With Experimental Data

In this paper, an attempt has been made to predict the performance of a planing catamaran using a mathematical model. Catamarans subjected to a common hydrodynamic lift, have an extra lift between the two asymmetric half bodies. In order to develop a mathematical model for performance prediction of planing catamarans, existing formulas for hydrodynamic lift calculation must be modified. Existing empirical and semi-empirical equations in the literature have been implemented and compared against available experimental data. Evaluation of lift in comparison with experimental data has been documented. Parameters influencing the interaction between demi-hulls and separation effects have been analyzed. The mathematical model for planing catamarans has been developed based on Savitsky’s method and results have been compared against experimental data. Finally, the effects of variation in hull geometry such as deadrise angle and distance between two half bodies on equilibrium trim angle, resistance and wetted surface have been examined.

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