Immunohistochemical evaluation of cellular composition of the immune system of lymph nodes in acute appendicitis

Introduction. There is not much data about the composition of populations of the immune system in acute appendicitis. The basic histopathological criterion for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is neutrophil infiltration of the muscle membrane. Aim. The subject of this publication is a semi-quantitative evaluation of B lymphocytes (CD20+), T lymphocytes (CD3+) and macrophages (CD68+), and the determination of the number of active lymph nodes during the course of inflammation.Material and Methods. The study material was obtained from 79 patients who had an appendectomy due to acute appendicitis. In this group, the tissue was obtained from: 34 women (aged 20 to 91) and 45 men (aged 20 to 72).Results. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. Independent of the type of inflammation, the cellular make-up of the nodes is similar. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent.Conclusions. In the course of acute appendicitis, there is involvement of lymph node B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages. The number of lymph nodes decreases with age and is gender dependent. A statistically significant number of the examined cells of the immunological system in the lymph nodes changed due to inflammation (p<0.001). B and T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and in the mucous membrane of the appendix differed depending on the sex, and the presence of B lymphocytes in the mucous membrane was significantly higher in the group of 20-40 years of age. T lymphocytes were predominant in the centres of the lymph nodes in groups 20-40 and 61-91 years of age, and in the peripheral zones in the group of 41-60 years of age.

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Ultrastructural Study of the Outer Cortex, Deep Cortex and Medulla of Mesenteric Lymph Node in Adult Goats

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4293 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

K. Balasundaram ◽

S. Sivagnanam

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Node ◽

Outer Cortex ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Cortical Parenchyma ◽

Reticular Cells ◽

Medullary Parenchyma

Background: A mesenteric lymph node in the sub pyloric region which is the longest among all mesenteric lymph nodes in adult goats was identified for study under the scanning electron microscope. Methods: The outer cortical, deep cortical and medullary parenchyma of the collected lymph nodes was thoroughly screened under VEGA3 TESCAN. The outer cortical parenchyma revealed T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Sinus Lining Cells (SLC) and Sinus Reticular Cells (SRC) at a magnification of 9600x. The deep cortical parenchyma revealed Reticular cells, T lymphocytes and Interdigitating cells (IDC) at 8000x magnification.Result: The medullary parenchyma revealed T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Sinus Lining Cells (SLC), Fibrous Reticular Cells (FRC) and medullary sinuses at a magnification of 8500x. Plasma cells and lymphocytes also remained in the sinus. The morphology and relations of the cells observed were recorded.

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Histological and Immunological Study of Patients with Lung and Digestive Tract Tumors. Analysis of T and B Lymphocytes from the Peripheral Blood and from the Lymph Nodes Draining the Tumor.

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089167506100606 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

pp. 547-557

Author(s):

F. Franchi ◽

S. Colizza ◽

R. D'Amelio ◽

G. Corelli ◽

S. Bigliocchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Lung Tumor ◽

Tritiated Thymidine ◽

Immunological Study

The nature of the immune response to the tumor cell is complex and has yet to be clearly defined. Although past research has focused on the cytotoxic effect of T lymphocytes versus tumor cells, it has been shown in animal studies that B lymphocytes may also be implicated. Lymphocytes from patients with respiratory and digestive tract tumors were studied. B and T lymphocytes of peripheral blood and of draining lymph node tumors were studied using the following techniques: E rosettes (marker for T cells); membrane Ig, EAC rosettes, aggregated-Ig (marker for B lymphocytes); PHA and PKW in vitro response of lymphocytes using tritiated thymidine incorporation. It was observed that both groups of patients had normal or depressed B and T populations. PHA response was depressed in the majority of the cases with lung tumor. No difference was observed between lymphocytes from peripheral blood and from lymph node suspensions. As in normal lymph nodes the EAC rosettes were constantly observed in the cortical area of lymph node draining tumors. The immune defect observed in part of these cases is discussed in relation to the local and general immunological factors probably responsible for this defect.

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Breast Tumors: Immunoglobulins in Axillary Lymph Nodes

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089168607200606 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 72 (6) ◽

pp. 575-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mariano Urdiales-Viedma ◽

Francisco Nogales-Fernandez ◽

Sebastian Martos-Padilla ◽

Emilio Sanchez-Cantalejo

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Breast Tumors ◽

Lymphoid Cells ◽

Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽

Axillary Lymph ◽

Lymphoid Follicles ◽

Node Metastases ◽

High Histologic Grade

The immnuohistochemical determination of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM in axillary lymph nodes from 50 unselected breast ductal carcinomas disclosed that lymph nodes with IgG-positive lymphoid follicles and/or metastasized lymph nodes with IgM-positive lymphoid cells are statistically related to breast tumors with a high histologic grade and more than 3 lymph node metastases.

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Molecular Cloning of DOCK10/Zizimin3, a Novel Cdc42/Rac-Interacting Protein Specifically Induced by IL4 in B Lymphocytes.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v108.11.939.939 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 939-939

Author(s):

Estefania Yelo ◽

Lourdes Gimeno ◽

Maria Victoria Bernardo ◽

Maria Juliana Majado ◽

Maria Rocio Alvarez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

B Cell ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Expression System ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

B Cell Differentiation ◽

Nucleotide Exchange

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL4) induces proliferation, differentiation and survival of B lymphocytes. IL4 protects CLL B cells from death by apoptosis. Gene expression analysis suggest that IL4 pathways are activated in CLL cells. We have identified DOCK10/Zizimin3 as an IL4-induced gene in CLL cells, and have obtained its full length sequence after cloning 1960 bp at its 5′ terminus by RACE-PCR. The human DOCK10/ZIZ3 sequence coded for a protein with 2180 amino acids and a predicted Mr of 250K. DOCK10/ZIZ3 shared homology with the other two members of the Zizimin family, and is the largest among them: DOCK9/ZIZ1 (2069 amino acids) and DOCK11/ZIZ2 (2073 amino acids) are 52% and 50% identical, respectively, to DOCK10/ZIZ3, and 58% identical between them. DOCK10 was predominantly expressed in hematopoietic tissues, particularly in peripheral blood (PB), but also in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. Among the PB subpopulations, DOCK10 was expressed in B and T lymphocytes and, at lower levels, in monocytes. DOCK10 was also expressed in several non-hematopoietic tissues, most significantly in brain and kidney. Its homologue DOCK9, compared to DOCK10, was predominantly expressed in placenta, and less significantly in hematopoietic tissues, particularly in B lymphocytes and monocytes. DOCK11, like DOCK10, was predominantly expressed in PB. Compared to DOCK10, DOCK11 was expressed more prominently in placenta, thyroid and PB monocytes, and less significantly in brain and lymph nodes. Therefore, each of the Zizimin family members had a specific tissue distribution. Among the three genes, only DOCK10 was induced by IL4 in CLL cells in vitro. Induction of DOCK10 by IL4 was a common event in CLL, since it was observed in 10 out of 10 cases. IL4 also induced DOCK10 expression in normal PB B lymphocytes, suggesting that DOCK10 induction by IL4 in CLL cells may be normal, rather than pathological. Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody raised against a peptide which mapped at the N terminus of DOCK10, detected a band of the expected size of 250K. Interestingly, IL4 did not induce DOCK10 expression in CD4 or CD8 T lymphocytes in vitro. Expression of DOCK10 was also studied in 4 B-ALL, 2 T-ALL, and 1 T-CLL. DOCK10 neither was expressed at significant levels nor induced by IL4 in vitro in these patients, except for a weak induction in a common B-ALL case, suggesting that expression of DOCK10, and its induction with IL4, may be restricted to certain stages of B cell differentiation, and/or certain B cell malignancies. DOCK10 was distributed both in cytosolic and nuclear extracts of CLL cells, and IL4 increased its expression in both compartments. K562 clones stably transfected with DOCK10 using the inducible tet-off expression system showed significantly higher levels of DOCK10 in cytoplasm than in nucleus. Immunofluoresce analysis of HA-tagged DOCK10 K562 clones showed preferent staining of the cytoplasm, and dotted structures were frequently observed. GST-pulldown assays showed that DOCK10 bound to nucleotide-free (nf) Cdc42, but not to GTP- or GDP-loaded Cdc42. In addition, DOCK10 bound to nf Rac1, albeit with less affinity than to Cdc42. DOCK10 did not bind to RhoA. These results suggest that, like DOCK9 and DOCK11, DOCK10 may act as a novel Cdc42 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and, in addition, as a Rac1 GEF.

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The influence of thiotriazoline on the change of immune system in the blood of guinea-pigs under the conditions of development of experimental bronchial asthma

Medical and Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.11603/mcch.2410-681x.2015.v17.i2.4870 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

Author(s):

M. S. Reheda ◽

М. А. Kolishetska ◽

V. R. Yurevych

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Blood Plasma ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Functional State ◽

Immune Complexes ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Stimulation Of ◽

Plasma Activity

The aim of our research was to determine the character of the role and functional state of separate indexes of the immune system in blood of guinea-pigs under the conditions of the development of experimental bronchial asthma (BA ) and estimation of thiotriazoline influence on them. Decreasing of T-lymphocytes, stimulation of humoral link of immunity, namely increasing of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins of A, M and G, elevation of circulatory immune complexes and slump of complement blood plasma activity had been determined in this research. Immune correcting action of thiotriazoline upon the pointed out indices in case of BA is revealed.

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Comparative Analysis of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes and Peripheral Blood of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Monkeys

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.73.2.1573-1579.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 1573-1579 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Marcelo J. Kuroda ◽

Jörn E. Schmitz ◽

William A. Charini ◽

Christine E. Nickerson ◽

Carol I. Lord ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Tetramer Binding ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Ctl Activity

ABSTRACT Most studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been confined to the evaluation of these effector cells in the peripheral blood. What has not been clear is the extent to which CTL activity in the blood actually reflects this effector cell function in the lymph nodes, the major sites of HIV-1 replication. To determine the concordance between CTL activity in lymph nodes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), CTL specific for simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) have been characterized in lymph nodes of infected, genetically selected rhesus monkeys by using both Gag peptide-specific functional CTL assays and tetrameric peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule complex staining techniques. In studies of six chronically SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys, Gag epitope-specific functional lytic activity and specific tetrameric peptide-MHC class I staining were readily demonstrated in lymph node T lymphocytes. Although the numbers of tetramer-binding cells in some animals differed from those documented in their PBL, the numbers of tetramer-binding cells from these two different compartments were not statistically different. Phenotypic characterization of the tetramer-binding CD8+lymph node T lymphocytes of the infected monkeys demonstrated a high level of expression of the activation-associated adhesion molecules CD11a and CD49d, the Fas molecule CD95, and MHC class II-DR. These studies documented a low expression of the naive T-cell marker CD45RA and the adhesion molecule CD62L. This phenotypic profile of the tetramer-binding lymph node CD8+ T cells was similar to that of tetramer-binding CD8+ T cells from PBL. These observations suggest that characterization of AIDS virus-specific CTL activity by sampling of cells in the peripheral blood should provide a reasonable estimation of CTL in an individual’s secondary lymphoid tissue.

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Lymph node inspired computing: immune system inspired architectures for human-engineered complex systems

10.7287/peerj.preprints.3150 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Soumya Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Distributed Computing ◽

Complex Systems ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Complex Adaptive System ◽

Artificial Immune Systems ◽

Centralized Control ◽

Decentralized System

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

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Lymph node inspired computing: towards holistic immune system inspired algorithms for human-engineered complex systems

10.7287/peerj.preprints.3150v2 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Soumya Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Distributed Computing ◽

Complex Systems ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Complex Adaptive System ◽

Artificial Immune Systems ◽

Centralized Control ◽

Decentralized System

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ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ІМУННОГО ГОМЕОСТАЗУ В ДИНАМІЦІ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЇ БРОНХІАЛЬНОЇ АСТМИ

Вісник наукових досліджень ◽

10.11603/2415-8798.2018.2.8745 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

M. S. Reheda ◽

L. A. Lubinets ◽

B. F. Shchepanskyi

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

B Lymphocytes ◽

Immune Complexes ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Circulating Immune Complexes ◽

System Response ◽

Control Group ◽

Modeling Process ◽

Immune System Response

In this paper, it is shown that the modeling process of bronchial asthma (BA ) is accompanied by changes, in comparison with the control group, in the indicators of immune system response: T- & B-lymphocytes, circulating immune complexes in blood of guinea pig males on the 4th, 18th, 25th day of experiment.The aim of the study – determination of some indices of immune system in blood of guinea pigs in the modeling process of BA on 4th, 18th, 25th day of the experiment.Materials and Methods. Experiments were conducted on 40 guinea pigs (males), with body weight 0.25–0.27 kg. Animals were divided into four groups of ten animals in each. Intact guinea pigs were the first group. Animals with experimental BA – the second, third, fourth group respectively on the 4th, 18th, 25th day of the experiment. Experimental BA was reproduced by V. I. Babych method. In blood of intact guinea pigs and animals with experimental BA , the number of T- and B-lymphocytes was determined by the method of E. F. Chernushenko, L. S. Kohosov, determination of the level of circulating immune complexes was carried out by the method of V. Haskova and co-authors. The results of the study were processed by the method of variation statistics using Student's criterion.Results and Discussion. The results of the studies showed unidirectional changes in individual parameters of the immune system, depending on the periods of the formation of BA : an increase in the number of B-lymphocytes and circulating immune complexes, a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes for all of the studied days of the experiment.Conclusions. The obtained results indicate significant changes in the immune system parameters in the blood of experimental animals with BA and are important for understanding the pathogenesis of BA . These studies provide an opportunity to find the more perfect and effective methods of diagnosis of BA.

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Morphological characteristic of inguinal lymph nodes in HIV infection

Perm Medical Journal ◽

10.17816/pmj36251-59 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

N. I. Gulyaeva ◽

G. G. Freind ◽

N. G. Shmagel ◽

L. B. Korolevskaya ◽

E. V. Saidakova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Blood Lymphocyte ◽

Ki 67 ◽

Inguinal Lymph Nodes ◽

Group I ◽

Lymphocyte Number

Aim. To assess the morphological changes in inguinal lymph nodes among patients with stage 4a HIV infection, who receive antiretroviral therapy. Materials and methods. There were examined 12 HIV-infected patients with stage 4a, treated at “Perm Regional Center for Prevention and Fight against AIDS and Infectious Diseases”, who received antiretroviral therapy for 2 years. Two groups of patients were formed: group I – 6 persons, whose CD+ blood lymphocyte number was more than 350 in 1 mcl; group II – 6 persons with CD+ blood lymphocyte number less than 350 in 1 mcl. Inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) were taken under local anesthesia, histological preparations were prepared by traditional scheme, stained with hematoxylin and eosin using Masson three-colour staining. In immunohistochemical reactions expression of Ki-67 and CD+ markers was estimated. Results.Histoarchitectonics of lymph nodes was changed as a result of massive development of sclerosis in the region of hilum, capsule and trabecules. Against the background of sclerosis, there occurred lymphocyte depletion, change in structure of stromal cells and neoangiogenesis in all the zones of the lymph node. In the regions of sclerosis, death of lymphocytes was revealed. In patients of the second group, more active development of follicles with the centers of reproduction in the lymph node cortical substance, as well as growth of the number of Ki-67 maker-expressing cells was established Conclusions.In the inguinal lymph nodes, the development of sclerotic processes causes the death of T-lymphocytes, which, in their turn, are the source of lymphotoxin-β formation. Loss of CD+-T-lymphocytes is accompanied by deficit of lymphotoxin-β and induces the loss of fibroblastic reticular cells themselves, which through the production of IL-7 support the vital activity of T-cells.

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