scholarly journals Prediction errors in surface segmentation are reflected in the visual mismatch negativity, independently of task and surface features

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Oxner ◽  
Eric T. Rosentreter ◽  
William Hayward ◽  
Paul Michael Corballis
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Visual Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Surface Layout ◽  
Surface Segmentation ◽  
Electrophysiological Signals ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Visual Domain

The visual system quickly registers perceptual regularities in the environment and responds to violations in these patterns. Errors of perceptual prediction are associated with electrocortical modulation, including the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) and P2 event-related potential. One relatively unexplored question is whether these prediction error signals can encode higher-level properties such as surface segmentation, or whether they are limited to lower-level perceptual features. Using a roving standard paradigm, a triangle surface appeared either behind (featuring amodal contours) or in front of (featuring real contours) a second surface with hole-like windows. A surface layout appeared for 2-5 repetitions before switching to the other "deviant" layout; lighting and orientation of stimuli varied across presentations while remaining isoluminant. Observers responded when they detected a rare "pinched" triangle which occasionally appeared. Cortical activity - reflected in mismatch responses affecting the P2-N2 and P300 amplitudes - was sensitive to a change in stimulus layout, when surfaces shifted position in depth, following several repetitions. Specifically, layout deviants led to a more negative P2-N2 complex at posterior electrodes, and greater P300 positivity at central sites. Independently of these signals of a deviant surface layout, further modulations of the P2 encoded differences between layouts and detection of the rare target stimulus. Comparison of the effect of preceding layout repetitions on this prediction error signal suggests that it is all-or-none and not graded with respect to the number of previous repetitions. We show that within the visual domain, unnoticed and task-irrelevant changes in visual surface segmentation leads to observable electrophysiological signals of prediction error that are dissociable from stimulus-specific encoding and lower-level perceptual processing.

scholarly journals Event-related potentials reflect prediction errors and pop-out during comprehension of degraded speech

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Banellis ◽  
Rodika Sokoliuk ◽  
Conor J Wild ◽  
Howard Bowman ◽  
Damian Cruse
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Degraded Speech ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Task Goals ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Comprehension of degraded speech requires higher-order expectations informed by prior knowledge. Accurate top-down expectations of incoming degraded speech cause a subjective semantic ‘pop-out’ or conscious breakthrough experience. Indeed, the same stimulus can be perceived as meaningless when no expectations are made in advance. We investigated the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of these top-down expectations, their error signals and the subjective pop-out experience in healthy participants. We manipulated expectations in a word-pair priming degraded (noise-vocoded) speech task and investigated the role of top-down expectation with a between-groups attention manipulation. Consistent with the role of expectations in comprehension, repetition priming significantly enhanced perceptual intelligibility of the noise-vocoded degraded targets for attentive participants. An early ERP was larger for mismatched (i.e. unexpected) targets than matched targets, indicative of an initial error signal not reliant on top-down expectations. Subsequently, a P3a-like ERP was larger to matched targets than mismatched targets only for attending participants—i.e. a pop-out effect—while a later ERP was larger for mismatched targets and did not significantly interact with attention. Rather than relying on complex post hoc interactions between prediction error and precision to explain this apredictive pattern, we consider our data to be consistent with prediction error minimization accounts for early stages of processing followed by Global Neuronal Workspace-like breakthrough and processing in service of task goals.

scholarly journals Aberrant reward prediction error during Pavlovian appetitive learning in alexithymia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1119-1129
Author(s):  
Francesca Starita ◽  
Mattia Pietrelli ◽  
Caterina Bertini ◽  
Giuseppe di Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Appetitive Conditioning ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Reward Prediction ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Emotional Value

Abstract Extensive literature shows that alexithymia, a subclinical trait defined by difficulties in identifying and describing feelings, is characterized by multifaceted impairments in processing emotional stimuli. Nevertheless, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we hypothesize that alexithymia may be characterized by an alteration in learning the emotional value of encountered stimuli and test this by assessing differences between individuals with low (LA) and high (HA) levels of alexithymia in the computation of reward prediction errors (RPEs) during Pavlovian appetitive conditioning. As a marker of RPE, the amplitude of the feedback-related negativity (FRN) event-related potential was assessed while participants were presented with two conditioned stimuli (CS) associated with expected or unexpected feedback, indicating delivery of reward or no-reward. No-reward (vs reward) feedback elicited the FRN both in LA and HA. However, unexpected (vs expected) feedback enhanced the FRN in LA but not in HA, indicating impaired computation of RPE in HA. Thus, although HA show preserved sensitivity to rewards, they cannot use this response to update the value of CS that predict them. This impairment may hinder the construction of internal representations of emotional stimuli, leaving individuals with alexithymia unable to effectively recognize, respond and regulate their response to emotional stimuli.

scholarly journals Parsing components of auditory predictive coding in schizophrenia using a roving standard mismatch negativity paradigm

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (07) ◽  
pp. 1195-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda McCleery ◽  
Daniel H. Mathalon ◽  
Jonathan K. Wynn ◽  
Brian J. Roach ◽  
Gerhard S. Hellemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Difference Wave ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

AbstractBackgroundMismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential (ERP) component reflecting auditory predictive coding. Repeated standard tones evoke increasing positivity (‘repetition positivity’; RP), reflecting strengthening of the standard's memory trace and the prediction it will recur. Likewise, deviant tones preceded by more standard repetitions evoke greater negativity (‘deviant negativity’; DN), reflecting stronger prediction error signaling. These memory trace effects are also evident in MMN difference wave. Here, we assess group differences and test-retest reliability of these indices in schizophrenia patients (SZ) and healthy controls (HC).MethodsElectroencephalography was recorded twice, 2 weeks apart, from 43 SZ and 30 HC, during a roving standard paradigm. We examined ERPs to the third, eighth, and 33rd standards (RP), immediately subsequent deviants (DN), and the corresponding MMN. Memory trace effects were assessed by comparing amplitudes associated with the three standard repetition trains.ResultsCompared with controls, SZ showed reduced MMNs and DNs, but normal RPs. Both groups showed memory trace effects for RP, MMN, and DN, with a trend for attenuated DNs in SZ. Intraclass correlations obtained via this paradigm indicated good-to-moderate reliabilities for overall MMN, DN and RP, but moderate to poor reliabilities for components associated with short, intermediate, and long standard trains, and poor reliability of their memory trace effects.ConclusionMMN deficits in SZ reflected attenuated prediction error signaling (DN), with relatively intact predictive code formation (RP) and memory trace effects. This roving standard MMN paradigm requires additional development/validation to obtain suitable levels of reliability for use in clinical trials.

scholarly journals sLORETA Source Localisation of Visual Mismatch Negativity in Dyslexic Children During Malay Orthographical Lexicon Stimulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Siti Atiyah Ali ◽  
Tahamina Begum ◽  
Faruque Reza ◽  
Nor Asyikin Fadzil ◽  
Faiz Mustafar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Electromagnetic Tomography ◽  
Source Localisation ◽  
Visual Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Grand Average

Background: While there are studies on visual lexical processing in other languages among dyslexics, no studies were done in the Malay language. The origin of visual lexical processing might be different in the Malay language. We aimed to detect the source localisation of visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) during Malay orthographic lexicon stimulations, employing an event-related potential (ERP) study. Methods: Twelve dyslexic and twelve non-dyslexic children participated in this study. They pushed button ‘1’ when they saw real (meaningful) Malay words and button ‘2’ for pseudowords (meaningless). The source localisation of vMMN was performed in the grand average waveform by applying the standardised low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) method using Net Station software. Results: Left occipital (BA17) and left temporal (BA37) lobes were activated during real words in the non-dyslexic and dyslexic children, respectively. During pseudowords, BA18 and BA17 areas of the left occipital lobe were activated in the non-dyslexic and dyslexic children, separately. vMMN sources were found at the left temporal (BA37) and right frontal (BA11) lobes in nondyslexic and dyslexic children, respectively. Conclusion: Right frontal lobe is the decision-making area where vMMN source was found in dyslexic children. We concluded that dyslexic children required the decision-making area to detect Malay real and pseudowords.

scholarly journals Automatic detection of peripheral stimuli in shooters and handball players: an event-related potential study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bela Petro ◽  
Ágota Lénárt ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál ◽  
Petia Kojouharova ◽  
Tibor Kökény ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Automatic Detection ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Effective Performance ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Task Irrelevant

AbstractThis study examined the practice-related sensitivity of automatic change detection. The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) component of event-related potentials was compared in handball players and in sport shooters. Whereas effective performance in handball requires processing of a wide visual field, effective performance in shooting requires concentration to a narrow field. Thus, we hypothesized larger sensitivity to peripheral stimuli violating the regularity of sequential stimulation in handball players. Participants performed a tracking task, while task-irrelevant checkerboard patterns (a frequent and an infrequent type) were presented in the lateral parts of the visual field. We analyzed the vMMN, a signature of automatic detection of violating sequential regularity, and sensory components (P1, N1, and P2). We obtained larger vMMN in the handball players’ group indicating larger sensitivity to peripheral stimuli. These results suggest the plasticity of the automatic visual processing, i.e., it can adapt to sport-specific demands, and this can be captured even in a short experimental session in the laboratory.

scholarly journals The neural encoding of information prediction errors during non-instrumental information seeking

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Brydevall ◽  
Daniel Bennett ◽  
Carsten Murawski ◽  
Stefan Bode
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Neural Encoding ◽  
New Information ◽  
Human Participants

ABSTRACTIn a dynamic world, accurate beliefs about the environment are vital for survival, and individuals should therefore regularly seek out new information with which to update their beliefs. This aspect of behaviour is not well captured by standard theories of decision making, and the neural mechanisms of information seeking remain unclear. One recent theory posits that valuation of information results from representation of informative stimuli within canonical neural reward-processing circuits, even if that information lacks instrumental use. We investigated this question by recording EEG from twenty-three human participants performing a non-instrumental information-seeking task. In this task, participants could pay a monetary cost to receive advance information about the likelihood of receiving reward in a lottery at the end of each trial. Behavioural results showed that participants were willing to incur considerable monetary costs to acquire early but non-instrumental information. Analysis of the event-related potential elicited by informative cues revealed that the feedback-related negativity independently encoded both an information prediction error and a reward prediction error. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that information seeking results from processing of information within neural reward circuits, and suggests that information may represent a distinct dimension of valuation in decision making under uncertainty.

scholarly journals Effects of awareness and task relevance on neurocomputational models of mismatch negativity generation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insa Schlossmacher ◽  
Felix Lucka ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Thomas Straube
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Task Relevance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Adaptation Model ◽  
And Task

AbstractDetection of regularities and their violations in sensory input is key to perception. Violations are indexed by an early EEG component called the mismatch negativity (MMN) – even if participants are distracted or unaware of the stimuli. On a mechanistic level, two dominant models have been suggested to contribute to the MMN: adaptation and prediction. Whether and how context conditions, such as awareness and task relevance, modulate the mechanisms of MMN generation is unknown. We conducted an EEG study disentangling influences of task relevance and awareness on the visual MMN. Then, we estimated different computational models for the generation of single-trial amplitudes in the MMN time window. Amplitudes were best explained by a prediction error model when stimuli were task-relevant but by an adaptation model when task-irrelevant and unaware. Thus, mismatch generation does not rely on one predominant mechanism but mechanisms vary with task relevance of stimuli.

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