scholarly journals Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Private Context ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship

Preferences that are products of introspection and endorsed by the respondent (explicit attitudes) can conflict with preferences that are measured indirectly and do not require conscious introspection or endorsement (implicit attitudes). In three studies, two factors are examined that may predict when implicit and explicit attitudes will be associated or dissociated: self-presentation and attitude elaboration. In the first study, evidence that increasing self-presentation demands negatively affected implicit-explicit correspondence was observed through a manipulation of a public and a private context in which the attitude was reported. In the second study, elaborating an attitude for 20 minutes increased implicit-explicit correspondence compared to a control attitude. The third study reports a synthesis of web-based and laboratory tasks that varied in self-presentation and elaboration. Perceived self-presentation and elaboration produced stable differences in implicit-explicit correspondence such that attitude objects with low self-presentation concerns and high elaboration showed the strongest correspondence. These data suggest that existing models cannot sufficiently account for the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes, and that the relationship between automatic and consciously mediated preferences is both reliable and predictable.

scholarly journals (At least) two factors moderate the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
Self Presentation ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Importance ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Attitude Accessibility ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Initial Research

This initial research synthesis suggests that the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes is determined by (at least) two factors – self-presentation and elaboration. A new formulation of the nature of the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes must be devised to handle these observations. The independent evaluations view does not explain how reliable and predictable relationships can exist between implicit and explicit attitudes. And, the implicit as lie detector view does not anticipate that factors other than self-presentation will moderate IE correspondence. Developing strong theory about the functional relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes requires examination of other factors that could moderate the relationship (e.g., attitude accessibility, attitude importance), and attention to the cognitive processes that give rise to these two modes of evaluation. In other words, the same heavy doses of theorizing about explicit attitudes, if brought to bear on the IE relationship will quickly provide answers to the conditions under which they are likely to be associated or dissociated.

The relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes to British accents in enhancing the persuasiveness of children’s oral health campaigns

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Adams
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Written Responses ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper seeks to improve the persuasiveness of oral health campaigns by investigating the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes to British accents. Forty-seven participants from Tayside, East Scotland, first completed an implicit task which asked participants to judge the truth value of 120 trivia statements, divided into six different accents, as quickly as possible. This was complimented by an identical written task at the end of the experiment in less pressurised conditions. Both audio and written responses to the statements were analysed using signal detection theory, which revealed that Estuary English was more persuasive than the local accent, Dundee English (p = 0.039), and the stigmatised multi-ethnolect, Multicultural London English (p = 0.002). Participants also completed an explicit task involving two matched-guise tests with the same six accents in a neutral and dental context. Results update our knowledge of explicit attitudes to British accents in a modern linguistic landscape, and shed light on correlations between implicit and explicit attitudes. Using Bassili and Brown’s (2005) Potentiated Recruitment Framework, it is argued that the relationship is mediated by participants’ self-presentation concerns and the perceived social penalties of expressing bias. Sociolinguistic implications of implicit measurement procedures are discussed regarding the development of oral health campaigns.

Implicit and explicit attitudes of Chinese youth toward the second-generation rich

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyan Hu ◽  
Najam ul Hasan Abbasi ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Yao Zhou ◽  
Ting Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Feeling Thermometer ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the implicit attitudes of Chinese youth towards the second-generation rich, and the relationship of these with their explicit attitudes. Participants were 119 undergraduate students (58 men and 61 women). Using the Semantic Differential Measure and the Feeling Thermometer Scale, we examined the participants' explicit attitudes, and we used the Implicit Association Test to assess their implicit attitudes toward the second-generation rich. Results showed that the participants did not show a negative implicit attitude towards the secondgeneration rich. However, the participants exhibited a negative explicit attitude toward the second-generation rich. These results are consistent with previous research. This suggests that the second-generation rich can take advantage of these findings and project a more positive image of themselves to other people in China.

scholarly journals Self-presentation moderates correspondence between implicit and explicit attitudes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Public Context ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

It is a psychological truism that some elements of the mind are unavailable to conscious introspection. Recent research suggests that attitudes exist as entities that one can reflect upon and self-report (explicit attitudes), and also as entities that exist outside of conscious awareness or control (implicit attitudes). The nature of the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes is not understood. One factor thought to distinguish implicit and explicit attitudes is the latter’s greater vulnerability to self-presentation demands. Specifically, relationships between implicit and explicit attitudes may be maximized when self-presentational demands are low (private reporting) versus high (public reporting). In a single session, participants reported attitudes in both a private and public context and completed implicit attitude measures. A mediational test showed that correspondence between implicit attitudes and public attitudes was completely mediated by private attitudes. These data suggest that self-presentation is one factor involved in the prediction of implicit-explicit correspondence.

Implicit and Explicit Affective Evaluations of Athlete Brands: The Associative Evaluation–Emotional Appraisal–Intention Model of Athlete Endorsements

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghwan Chang ◽  
Yong Jae Ko ◽  
Brad D. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Perceived Fit ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Affective Attitudes ◽  
Emotional Appraisal ◽  
Athlete Endorsements ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

The researchers explore consumers’ emotional responses toward athlete brands by developing the associative evaluation–emotional appraisal–intention (AEI) model. The AEI postulates that unconscious (implicit attitudes) and conscious (explicit affective attitudes) levels of emotional responses systematically flow following assessments of perceived fit in athlete endorsements. Implicit attitudes were measured through the implicit association test, whereas pleasure, arousal, and pride captured explicit affective attitudes. Contrary to dominant beliefs about successful athlete endorsements, findings from a lab experiment indicate that low perceived fit affected implicit attitudes, which in turn affected arousal for consumers with high involvement. Pleasure, arousal, and pride were interrelated and systematically determined behavioral intentions of viewership and online friendship with athletes. Studies investigating athlete brands and endorsement success should consider the influence of both implicit and explicit attitudes on fan behavior. Managers should strategically utilize both low and high fit endorsements to facilitate emotional experiences and optimize desired consumption behavior.

scholarly journals Preservice Teachers’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Teaching and Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Zaruba ◽  
Andrea Westphal ◽  
Franziska Gutmann ◽  
Miriam Vock
Keyword(s):  
Preservice Teachers ◽  
Student Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Teaching And Learning Research ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Measures

When it comes to teacher attitudes towards teaching and learning, research relies heavily on explicit measures (e.g., questionnaires). These attitudes are generally conceptualized as constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning with constructivism often considered to be more desirable. In explicit measures, this can have drawbacks like socially desirable responding. It is for this reason that, in this study, we investigated implicit attitudes as well as explicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission. N = 100 preservice teachers worked on a questionnaire and two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT constructivism and ST-IAT transmission) before (T1) and after (T2) a single master’s semester. One group (n = 50) did student teaching while a second group (n = 50) took master’s courses. We evaluated preservice teachers’ views on teaching at the end of their masters’ studies. Participants agreed with transmission and constructivism (T1) on both an explicit and implicit level. Implicit measures seem to exceed explicit measures in differentially assessing constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning. After student teaching (T2), there was no overall effect of attitude development but changes in rank indicate that participants’ implicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission developed differently for each individual.

scholarly journals Implicit and explicit attitudes toward African Americans and Barack Obama did not substantively change during Obama’s presidency

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Axt
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
Monthly Means ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explicit Attitude ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

Barack Obama is perhaps the most well-known exemplar of African Americans.However, the extent to which he has impacted attitudes toward AfricanAmericans remains unclear. Using cross-sectional data (*N *> 2,200,000),the present study examined changes in racial attitudes and attitudes towardObama during the first seven years of Obama’s presidency. Attitudes showedno evidence of substantive change. After accounting for shifts in sampledemographics, results showed an increase in implicit anti-Black attitudesand no change in explicit anti-Black attitudes. Participation dateexplained only 0.01% of the variance in implicit attitudes. Correspondinganalyses of attitudes toward Obama (*N *> 210,000) indicated no change inimplicit attitudes but increasing negativity toward Obama in explicitattitudes. Date accounted for only 0.01% of explicit attitude variance.Daily and monthly means across both samples were largely unrelated.Attitudes toward African Americans in general and Obama specifically showedlittle change or correspondence during Obama’s presidency.

scholarly journals Investigating the implicit and explicit attitudes of primary school educators in Scotland towards autistic children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilidh Cage ◽  
Taylor Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Autism Knowledge ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Cognitive Attitudes

Background: Autistic children are frequently taught in mainstream schools, and it is imperative educators have appropriate knowledge and attitudes towards autism. In Scotland, policy aims for inclusion. However, there are few studies investigating Scottish educator’s knowledge and attitudes towards autism, even though these could be a barrier to inclusion.Aims: This study investigated Scottish educator’s implicit and explicit attitudes towards autistic children. We also aimed to understand the relationships between attitudes, knowledge and experience.Sample: Seventy primary school educators working in Scotland took part, with a mean age of 43. Most were female (n=64) and had on average 12 years’ experience working in schools. Methods: Participants completed a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT), to assess implicit attitudes towards autism. They also completed two explicit attitude measures (openness to autism and cognitive attitudes), and measures of autism knowledge and level of contact.Results: Overall, participants held positive attitudes in explicit and implicit measures. Some participants (24%) expressed negative implicit attitudes. There were correlations between explicit attitudes, age and years of experience, with older, more experienced staff having more negative attitudes. In regression analyses, greater autism knowledge predicted more positive explicit cognitive attitudes towards autistic children.Conclusions: These findings indicate mostly positive attitudes in this sample. Younger educators with less experience may have more positive attitudes, perhaps reflecting societal changes in perceptions of autism. Greater knowledge predicted positive attitudes, suggesting that targeting knowledge may improve attitudes. Scotland’s policies may have the potential to support the effective inclusion of autistic pupils in schools.

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