Investigating the implicit and explicit attitudes of primary school educators in Scotland towards autistic children

Cognitive Attitudes

Background: Autistic children are frequently taught in mainstream schools, and it is imperative educators have appropriate knowledge and attitudes towards autism. In Scotland, policy aims for inclusion. However, there are few studies investigating Scottish educator’s knowledge and attitudes towards autism, even though these could be a barrier to inclusion.Aims: This study investigated Scottish educator’s implicit and explicit attitudes towards autistic children. We also aimed to understand the relationships between attitudes, knowledge and experience.Sample: Seventy primary school educators working in Scotland took part, with a mean age of 43. Most were female (n=64) and had on average 12 years’ experience working in schools. Methods: Participants completed a Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT), to assess implicit attitudes towards autism. They also completed two explicit attitude measures (openness to autism and cognitive attitudes), and measures of autism knowledge and level of contact.Results: Overall, participants held positive attitudes in explicit and implicit measures. Some participants (24%) expressed negative implicit attitudes. There were correlations between explicit attitudes, age and years of experience, with older, more experienced staff having more negative attitudes. In regression analyses, greater autism knowledge predicted more positive explicit cognitive attitudes towards autistic children.Conclusions: These findings indicate mostly positive attitudes in this sample. Younger educators with less experience may have more positive attitudes, perhaps reflecting societal changes in perceptions of autism. Greater knowledge predicted positive attitudes, suggesting that targeting knowledge may improve attitudes. Scotland’s policies may have the potential to support the effective inclusion of autistic pupils in schools.

Association between Parents’ and Children’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors

10.31236/osf.io/kzhqs ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Géraldine Escriva-Boulley ◽

Julie Boiché

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Sedentary Behaviors ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Purpose: The present study aimed to explore the associations between parents’ physical 4 activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SED) and their explicit and implicit attitudes toward 5 these behaviors and their children’s PA and SED, and attitudes. Children’s age and parents’ 6 gender were taken into account. 7 Method: One hundred and seven dyads composed of one parent (Mage = 42.9 years) and 8 her/his child (Mage = 11.6 years) completed questionnaires assessing behaviors and explicit 9 attitudes toward PA and SED. Implicit attitudes were evaluated with an implicit association 10 test. 11 Results: Parents’ PA was positively correlated with their children’s PA, especially in children 12 (≤12 years). No significant association was noted for SED. The results showed a positive 13 correlation between mothers’ explicit attitudes and fathers’ implicit attitudes and, 14 respectively, their children’s explicit (regardless to their age) and implicit attitudes (> 12 15 years). 16 Conclusion(s): This study is the first to investigate the association between parents’ and their 17 children’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward PA and SED. The results indicate that focusing 18 on the increase of PA and the development of positive attitudes toward PA in both children 19 and parents could be an interesting mean to promote PA in interventions aiming to improve 20 families’ health.

Implicit and Explicit Affective Evaluations of Athlete Brands: The Associative Evaluation–Emotional Appraisal–Intention Model of Athlete Endorsements

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.2017-0271 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 497-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yonghwan Chang ◽

Yong Jae Ko ◽

Brad D. Carlson

Keyword(s):

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Emotional Responses ◽

Perceived Fit ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Fan Behavior ◽

Affective Attitudes ◽

Emotional Appraisal ◽

Athlete Endorsements ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

The researchers explore consumers’ emotional responses toward athlete brands by developing the associative evaluation–emotional appraisal–intention (AEI) model. The AEI postulates that unconscious (implicit attitudes) and conscious (explicit affective attitudes) levels of emotional responses systematically flow following assessments of perceived fit in athlete endorsements. Implicit attitudes were measured through the implicit association test, whereas pleasure, arousal, and pride captured explicit affective attitudes. Contrary to dominant beliefs about successful athlete endorsements, findings from a lab experiment indicate that low perceived fit affected implicit attitudes, which in turn affected arousal for consumers with high involvement. Pleasure, arousal, and pride were interrelated and systematically determined behavioral intentions of viewership and online friendship with athletes. Studies investigating athlete brands and endorsement success should consider the influence of both implicit and explicit attitudes on fan behavior. Managers should strategically utilize both low and high fit endorsements to facilitate emotional experiences and optimize desired consumption behavior.

Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes

10.31219/osf.io/wqpzj ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Brian A. Nosek

Keyword(s):

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Web Based ◽

Self Presentation ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

The Third ◽

Two Factors ◽

Private Context ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

The Relationship

Preferences that are products of introspection and endorsed by the respondent (explicit attitudes) can conflict with preferences that are measured indirectly and do not require conscious introspection or endorsement (implicit attitudes). In three studies, two factors are examined that may predict when implicit and explicit attitudes will be associated or dissociated: self-presentation and attitude elaboration. In the first study, evidence that increasing self-presentation demands negatively affected implicit-explicit correspondence was observed through a manipulation of a public and a private context in which the attitude was reported. In the second study, elaborating an attitude for 20 minutes increased implicit-explicit correspondence compared to a control attitude. The third study reports a synthesis of web-based and laboratory tasks that varied in self-presentation and elaboration. Perceived self-presentation and elaboration produced stable differences in implicit-explicit correspondence such that attitude objects with low self-presentation concerns and high elaboration showed the strongest correspondence. These data suggest that existing models cannot sufficiently account for the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes, and that the relationship between automatic and consciously mediated preferences is both reliable and predictable.

Preservice Teachers’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Teaching and Learning

Frontiers in Education ◽

10.3389/feduc.2021.619098 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Author(s):

Nicole Zaruba ◽

Andrea Westphal ◽

Franziska Gutmann ◽

Miriam Vock

Keyword(s):

Preservice Teachers ◽

Student Teaching ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Teaching And Learning Research ◽

Single Target ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Explicit Measures

When it comes to teacher attitudes towards teaching and learning, research relies heavily on explicit measures (e.g., questionnaires). These attitudes are generally conceptualized as constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning with constructivism often considered to be more desirable. In explicit measures, this can have drawbacks like socially desirable responding. It is for this reason that, in this study, we investigated implicit attitudes as well as explicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission. N = 100 preservice teachers worked on a questionnaire and two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT constructivism and ST-IAT transmission) before (T1) and after (T2) a single master’s semester. One group (n = 50) did student teaching while a second group (n = 50) took master’s courses. We evaluated preservice teachers’ views on teaching at the end of their masters’ studies. Participants agreed with transmission and constructivism (T1) on both an explicit and implicit level. Implicit measures seem to exceed explicit measures in differentially assessing constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning. After student teaching (T2), there was no overall effect of attitude development but changes in rank indicate that participants’ implicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission developed differently for each individual.

Why Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for Liquid Foods in Environmentally Friendly Packaging? A Dual Attitudes Perspective

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12072812 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2812 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Igor Popovic ◽

Bart A. G. Bossink ◽

Peter C. van der Sijde ◽

Christine Y. M. Fong

Keyword(s):

Willingness To Pay ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Consumer Attitudes ◽

Liquid Food ◽

Purchasing Behavior ◽

Environmental Friendliness ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Considering that one of the key components of liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging is its higher price, it may not be appealing to all consumers. However, a growing body of evidence has shown that the sale of liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging is increasing. The purpose of this study was to analyze why consumers are willing to pay more for liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging. Drawing on the theory of dual attitudes by Wilson, Lindsey, and Schooler, this study proposes that consumer purchasing behavior can be explained through implicit and explicit attitudes. Moreover, a consumer’s ecoliteracy and ecofriendly lifestyle might be important predictors of consumer attitudes toward environmentally friendly packaging. Our conceptual model was tested on survey data from 11 countries, with a total of 7028 respondents. The study revealed that consumers’ willingness to pay a higher price for liquid food in environmentally friendly packaging could be predicted by their positive attitudes toward (a) the environmental friendliness of the packaging, (b) the brand of the liquid food, and (c) the affordability of the liquid food in the environmentally friendly packaging. Ecoliteracy and having an ecofriendly lifestyle were found to be important predictors of consumer attitudes toward environmentally friendly packaging. This study contributes to the literature that aims to explain consumers’ willingness to pay more for food in environmentally friendly packaging. It identifies how much more consumers are willing to pay for food in environmentally friendly packaging and why.

Implicit and explicit attitudes of Chinese youth toward the second-generation rich

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.5775 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 427-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yuanyan Hu ◽

Najam ul Hasan Abbasi ◽

Shuang Wang ◽

Yao Zhou ◽

Ting Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Second Generation ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Chinese Youth ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Feeling Thermometer ◽

The Relationship

We investigated the implicit attitudes of Chinese youth towards the second-generation rich, and the relationship of these with their explicit attitudes. Participants were 119 undergraduate students (58 men and 61 women). Using the Semantic Differential Measure and the Feeling Thermometer Scale, we examined the participants' explicit attitudes, and we used the Implicit Association Test to assess their implicit attitudes toward the second-generation rich. Results showed that the participants did not show a negative implicit attitude towards the secondgeneration rich. However, the participants exhibited a negative explicit attitude toward the second-generation rich. These results are consistent with previous research. This suggests that the second-generation rich can take advantage of these findings and project a more positive image of themselves to other people in China.

Implicit and explicit attitudes toward African Americans and Barack Obama did not substantively change during Obama’s presidency

10.31234/osf.io/6an5u ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Jordan Axt

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Racial Attitudes ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Barack Obama ◽

Monthly Means ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Explicit Attitude ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Barack Obama is perhaps the most well-known exemplar of African Americans.However, the extent to which he has impacted attitudes toward AfricanAmericans remains unclear. Using cross-sectional data (*N *> 2,200,000),the present study examined changes in racial attitudes and attitudes towardObama during the first seven years of Obama’s presidency. Attitudes showedno evidence of substantive change. After accounting for shifts in sampledemographics, results showed an increase in implicit anti-Black attitudesand no change in explicit anti-Black attitudes. Participation dateexplained only 0.01% of the variance in implicit attitudes. Correspondinganalyses of attitudes toward Obama (*N *> 210,000) indicated no change inimplicit attitudes but increasing negativity toward Obama in explicitattitudes. Date accounted for only 0.01% of explicit attitude variance.Daily and monthly means across both samples were largely unrelated.Attitudes toward African Americans in general and Obama specifically showedlittle change or correspondence during Obama’s presidency.

Implicit Attitudes Toward Foreign Accents

UF Journal of Undergraduate Research ◽

10.32473/ufjur.v21i1.108524 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joshua Daniels

Keyword(s):

Implicit Attitudes ◽

American English ◽

Social Characteristics ◽

Evaluation Instrument ◽

Standard American English ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Attitude Test ◽

Accented English ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Over the past 20 years, the Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) has become a robust paradigm for evaluating unconscious biases about socially sensitive topics (implicit attitudes) in a way that avoids social desirability bias. It has been widely applied to the psychology surrounding race, gender, and other social characteristics, and is a potentially useful tool for linguists particularly in studying the effects of dialect and accent. This study demonstrates an application of the IAT to accents, particularly examining implicit attitudes about Chinese accented English relative to Standard American English. The study evaluated participants’ implicit attitudes about Chinese accents using the IAT, measured their explicit attitudes using the Speech Evaluation Instrument (SEI) developed by Zahn and Hopper (1985), and recorded self-reported rates of exposure to Chinese accents. It found that participants had both implicit and explicit attitudes toward Chinese accented English that were significantly negative relative to American English. It did not, however, find a correlation between participants’ explicit and implicit attitudes. There was a weak correlation between implicit attitudes and self-reported rates of exposure to Chinese accents, although the interpretation of this finding is unclear.

The Effects of Anti-Immigrant Right-Wing Populist Ads on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: A Moderated Mediation Model

Communication Research ◽

10.1177/0093650215577859 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 556-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Jörg Matthes ◽

Desirée Schmuck

Keyword(s):

Political Communication ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Right Wing ◽

Negative Stereotypes ◽

Intergroup Anxiety ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Moderated Mediation Model ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Across Europe, the use of negative portrayals of immigrants in populist political advertising has dramatically increased. An experimental study tested the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions for the effects of such ads on explicit and implicit attitudes toward foreigners. Findings revealed that populist ads strengthened intergroup anxiety and negative stereotypes for voters with lower educational degrees. This, in turn, led to more negative explicit attitudes. However, we observed stronger effects of populist ads on implicit attitudes for individuals with higher educational degrees. The necessity of including explicit as well as implicit measures in political communication research is discussed.

Marital Attitudes and Implicit Associations Tests (IAT) among Young Adults

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x20949899 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0192513X2094989

Author(s):

Scott S. Hall ◽

Kwang-Ho Lee

Keyword(s):

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Self Report ◽

Implicit Associations ◽

Marriage And Family ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Computer Based ◽

Attitudes Toward Marriage ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Explicit Measures

Attitudes toward marriage have primarily been explored on the direct or explicit level through self-report measures, neglecting the potential influence of implicit attitudes. Using computer-based experimentation, the current investigation focused on employing Implicit Association Test (IAT) procedures, an approach common in some psychological sciences, but yet to be prominent in published marriage and family research. The IAT measures implicit attitudes—those that operate on a spontaneous or more affective level. One-hundred and thirty-three participants completed two forms of the IAT: one that contrasted marriage with singlehood and the other that provided no contrasting concept to marriage. Results indicated that the former correlated positively with corresponding explicit measures of attitudes, though they shared minimal variance. The latter had no correlation with explicit measures. Results suggest that processes account for implicit and explicit attitudes about marriage. Implications of using both IAT measures are discussed.