scholarly journals Hydrogen solubility of shale oil containing polar phenolic compounds

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachariah Baird ◽  
Petri Uusi-Kyyny ◽  
Vahur Oja ◽  
Ville Alopaeus
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Hydrogen Solubility ◽  
Prediction Methods ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Coal Liquids ◽  
Flow Apparatus

Many refineries use hydrogen to upgrade heavy fuel feedstocks, and therefore, hydrogen solubility is an important parameter. Shale oil is a fuel for which hydrotreatment is of interest, but no data about its hydrogen solubility can be found in the literature. This article presents experimental data for the hydrogen solubility of two shale oil samples measured at high temperatures and pressures (423 to 527 K and 40 to 140 bar). Experiments were performed using a continuous flow apparatus. Results show that the shale oil had a lower hydrogen solubility than most other fuels, probably due to the high content of polar phenolic compounds in the oil. Removing about 80% of the phenolic compounds increased the hydrogen solubility by approximately 0.1 mol H2/kg oil (which is about 15 to 45%, depending on the solubility). Analysis also showed that current prediction methods used for petroleum and coal liquids cannot reliably be used for predicting the hydrogen solubility of this shale oil and other similar fuels.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Solubility of Shale Oil Containing Polar Phenolic Compounds

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (30) ◽  
pp. 8738-8747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachariah S. Baird ◽  
Petri Uusi-Kyyny ◽  
Vahur Oja ◽  
Ville Alopaeus
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Hydrogen Solubility ◽  
Shale Oil

scholarly journals Properties of kukersite shale oil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachariah Baird ◽  
Oliver Järvik ◽  
Vahur Oja
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Present Experimental Data ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Sample Preparation Methods

Inspite of the increasing focus on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, production of shale oil continues to be economically favorable, and production has even increased in recent years. Producing and handling shale oil requires data on its properties, and to provide this data we have undertaken an extensive project to experimentally measure the properties of Estonian kukersite shale oil. In this article we describe the sample preparation methods and present experimental data on key properties of the shale oil samples. Included is data on the densities, refractive indexes, average boiling points, and molar masses of distillation fractions with narrow boiling ranges. A major component of kukersite shale oil is phenolic compounds, and to investigate their effect on the properties we used extraction to obtain samples with either fewer or more phenols than commonly found in the oil. The effect of composition on the properties is discussed. We also present correlations for calculating one of these properties if two others are known. This article lays the groundwork for future articles which will go into further detail on specific properties of these samples.

scholarly journals Temperature and pressure dependence of density of a shale oil and derived thermodynamic properties

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachariah Baird ◽  
Petri Uusi-Kyyny ◽  
Oliver Järvik ◽  
Vahur Oja ◽  
Ville Alopaeus
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Pressure Dependence ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Commercial Plant ◽  
Thermal Expansion Coefficients ◽  
Group Content ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The temperature and pressure dependence of density was measured experimentally from 293 to 473 K and 0.1 to 12 MPa for a shale oil produced from Kukersite oil shale in Estonia. The shale oil sample was a fuel oil fraction of a whole oil produced in a commercial plant that uses solid heat carrier retorting technology. The fraction had a boiling range of approximately 460 to 780 K and contained significant quantities of polar phenolic compounds (hydroxyl group content of 5.3 wt%). The effect of these compounds on the properties of the oil was investigated by removing most of the phenolic compounds via extraction to create the second sample (dephenolated sample with hydroxyl group content of 1.1 wt%). The dephenolation resulted in a shale oil with a composition being more similar to that of other shale oils from well explored deposits. Based on a review of the literature, this is the first experimental data on the pressure dependence of density for this shale oil, and shale oils generally. Thermal expansion coefficients, isothermal compressibilities and speeds of sound were calculated from the experimental data. Empirical relationships describing the temperature dependence of the heat capacities between 288 and 423 K at atmospheric pressure are also presented here.

POLITAG-Pd(0) catalyzed continuous flow hydrogenation of lignin-derived phenolic compounds using sodium formate as a safe H-source

2021 ◽  
Vol 509 ◽  
pp. 111613
Author(s):  
Valeria Trombettoni ◽  
Francesco Ferlin ◽  
Federica Valentini ◽  
Filippo Campana ◽  
Matteo Silvetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Sodium Formate

Vitamin B1 and B6 Retention in Milk after Continuous-Flow Microwave and Conventional Heating at High Temperatures

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISABEL SIERRA ◽  
CONCEPCIÓN VIDAL-VALVERDE
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microwave Treatment ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Tubular Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heating And Cooling

The effect of continuous-flow microwave treatment at high temperatures on the retention of vitamins B1 and B6 in raw milk with different fat content was evaluated. Results were compared with those obtained using a conventional system (tubular heat exchanger) with the same heating and cooling phases. Heat treatment of whole (3.4% fat) and skim (0.5% fat) milk at 90°C produced no losses of vitamin B1 or vitamin B6 (pyridoxamine and pyridoxal). However, at 110 and 120°C, while vitamin B1 content of milk remained constant, pyridoxamine increased (4 to 5% and 9 to 11%, respectively) and pyridoxal decreased (5 to 6% and 9 to 12%, respectively). Under the assayed conditions, no differences were observed between the content of these vitamins in conventionally and continuous-flow microwave-treated milk.

Effect of Different Phenolic Compounds on Performance of Organically Cross-Linked Terpolymer Gel Systems at Extremely High Temperatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 8120-8130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daoyi Zhu ◽  
Jirui Hou ◽  
Xianxing Meng ◽  
Zigang Zheng ◽  
Qi Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
High Temperatures

Efficient Synthesis of Ir-Polyoxometalate Cluster Using a Continuous Flow Apparatus and STM Investigation of Its Coassembly Behavior on HOPG Surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 5585-5591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyong Zhang ◽  
Shaoqing Chang ◽  
Bryan H. R. Suryanto ◽  
Chunhua Gong ◽  
Xianghua Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Flow Apparatus

STUDIES ON ISOLATED RAT ADRENAL CELLS I. CONTINUOUS FLOW AND BATCH INCUBATIONS

1975 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Falke ◽  
H. J. Degenhart ◽  
G. J. A. Abeln ◽  
H. K. A. Visser ◽  
R. J. M. Croughs
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Steroid Biosynthesis ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
Flow Apparatus ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Number Of Cells ◽  
Isolated Rat

ABSTRACT A procedure for the continuous flow incubation of isolated adrenal cells is described. In this way the advantages of continuous flow incubations of adrenal tissue are combined with those of isolated adrenal cells. Suspensions of isolated adrenal cells were prepared by a modification of the collagenase method. A sigmoid dose-response curve was obtained when these cells were incubated with ACTH in batch incubations. Under these conditions (in the presence of 1 mU ACTH/ml) the corticosterone production rate remained constant during at least 240 min. This production rate was linearly related to the number of cells. Pre-incubation of the cells during 3 h resulted in an increased response to ACTH. In continuous flow incubations without ACTH the corticosterone production was negligible. With 100 μU ACTH/ml corticosterone production increased sharply after a short lag period. A maximum was reached after 60–75 min followed by a slow decrease. Cells pre-incubated in the continuous flow apparatus had a slightly diminished ACTH response without loss of affinity to ACTH. The continuous flow incubation of isolated adrenal cells offers new possibilities for the dynamic study of steroid biosynthesis in vitro. The method may also be valuable to study processes in a wide variety of other tissues.

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