Coronaviruses induce the expression of the peptide antigen transporter TAP1.
Coronavirus infection is an emerging public health threat in the United States and worldwide (1). We mined published microarray data to perform systems-level analysis of host cell transcription following infection with multiple coronavirus types in order to identify therapeutic targets and host cell vulnerabilities (2, 3). We identified the antigen peptide transported TAP1 as differentially expressed in vitro in a human cell line following infection with human coronavirus 229E and in vivo in the lungs of mice following infection with the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome SARS coronavirus. While TAP1 functions to enhance presentation of class I-associated peptides to CD8 cytotoxic T-cells, TAP1 also enhances presentation of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) receptors (4). One criteria natural killer cells use to lyse cells is the absence of surface MHC-I (5), and hepatitis C virus up-regulates TAP1 to increase surface expression of MHC-I and inhibit NK-cell cytotoxicity and promote infection (6). We propose coronaviruses similarly up-regulate TAP1 to impair natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity responses and avoid recognition by NK cells.