Racial Differences in Scores on the HIV Dementia Scale: Mediating Effects of Literacy and Screening Utility among Black and White Persons with HIV Disease

Objective: There are many obstacles to screening for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), including the complexities of sociodemographic effects on screening measures. This study examined possible racial bias on the HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) in screening for HAND among Black and White persons living with HIV (PLWH). Participants and Methods: Participants included 39 Black and 84 White PLWH who completed the HDS and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery at the same study visit. Results: Black PLWH had significantly lower raw HDS scores than white PLWH, which was mediated by lower oral word reading scores. Nevertheless, HDS scores were comparably predictive of clinical HAND diagnoses for Black and White PLWH as determined by a comprehensive battery. Conclusions: Consistent with prior literature exploring race-group differences, findings suggest that lower scores among Black PLWH compared to white PLWH on a commonly-used screening measure for HAND are partly explained by reading scores, perhaps reflecting differences in educational quality and opportunities. However, race-group differences did not affect the classification accuracy of the HDS in detecting HAND, although overall diagnostic accuracy was modest in both groups. Future work is needed to determine the optimal neurocognitive screening methods for Black PLWH and other under-represented ethnoracial groups.

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Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.103.2.981 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 103 (2) ◽

pp. 981-1005 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Roland G Fryer ◽

Steven D Levitt

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Test Scores ◽

Mental Ability ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Black And White ◽

Wide Range ◽

Prior Literature ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Test Outcomes ◽

Parental Ability

Using a new nationally representative dataset, we find minor differences in test outcomes between black and white infants that disappear with a limited set of controls. However, relative to whites, all other races lose substantial ground by age two. Combining our estimates with results in prior literature, we show that a simple model with assortative mating fits our data well, implying that differences in children's environments between racial groups can fully explain gaps in intelligence. If parental ability influences a child's test scores both genetically and through environment, then our findings are less informative and can be reconciled with a wide range of racial differences in inherited intelligence.

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Racial Bias in Perceptions of Size and Strength: The Impact of Stereotypes and Group Differences

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797619827529 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 553-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David J. Johnson ◽

John Paul Wilson

Keyword(s):

Racial Bias ◽

Racial Stereotypes ◽

Group Differences ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Group Level ◽

Black And White ◽

Real Group ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Physical Features ◽

The Impact

Recent research has shown that race can influence perceptions of men’s size and strength. Across two studies (Study 1: N = 1,032, Study 2: N = 303) examining men and women from multiple racial groups (Asian, Black, and White adults), we found that although race does impact judgments of size and strength, raters’ judgments primarily track targets’ objective physical features. In some cases, racial stereotypes actually improved group-level accuracy, as these stereotypes aligned with racial-group differences in size and strength according to nationally representative data. We conclude that individuals primarily rely on individuating information when making physical judgments but do not completely discount racial stereotypes, which reflect a combination of real group-level differences and culturally transmitted beliefs.

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The Contribution of Static and Dynamic Factors to Recidivism Prediction for Black and White Youth Offenders

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology ◽

10.1177/0306624x211022673 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0306624X2110226

Author(s):

William T. Miller ◽

Christina A. Campbell ◽

Jordan Papp ◽

Ebony Ruhland

Keyword(s):

Racial Bias ◽

Black Youth ◽

Criminal History ◽

Risk Assessments ◽

White Youth ◽

Youth Offenders ◽

Black And White ◽

Dynamic Factors ◽

Recidivism Prediction ◽

The Individual

Scholars have presented concerns about potential for racial bias in risk assessments as a result of the inclusion of static factors, such as criminal history in risk assessments. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which static factors add incremental validity to the dynamic factors in criminogenic risk assessments. This study examined the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) in a sample of 1,270 youth offenders from a medium-sized Midwestern county between June 2004 and November 2013. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictive validity of the YLS/CMI and the individual contribution of static and dynamic domains of the assessment. Results indicated that the static domain differentially predicted recidivism for Black and White youth. In particular, the static domain was a significant predictor of recidivism for White youth, but this was not the case for Black youth. The dynamic domain significantly predicted recidivism for both Black and White offenders, and static risk factors improved prediction of recidivism for White youth, but not for Black youth.

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Racial differences in long-term outcomes among black and white patients with drug-eluting stents

American Heart Journal ◽

10.1016/j.ahj.2019.04.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 214 ◽

pp. 46-53

Author(s):

Lonnie T. Sullivan ◽

Hillary Mulder ◽

Karen Chiswell ◽

Linda K. Shaw ◽

Tracy Y. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Drug Eluting Stents ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

Black And White ◽

Drug Eluting ◽

White Patients

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Black and White Lies: Race-Based Biases in Deception Judgments

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797617705399 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 1125-1136 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

E. Paige Lloyd ◽

Kurt Hugenberg ◽

Allen R. McConnell ◽

Jonathan W. Kunstman ◽

Jason C. Deska

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Late Stage ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Lie Detection ◽

Intergroup Communication ◽

Black And White ◽

Truth Bias ◽

Practical Implications

In six studies ( N = 605), participants made deception judgments about videos of Black and White targets who told truths and lies about interpersonal relationships. In Studies 1a, 1b, 1c, and 2, White participants judged that Black targets were telling the truth more often than they judged that White targets were telling the truth. This truth bias was predicted by Whites’ motivation to respond without prejudice. For Black participants, however, motives to respond without prejudice did not moderate responses (Study 2). In Study 3, we found similar effects with a manipulation of the targets’ apparent race. Finally, in Study 4, we used eye-tracking techniques to demonstrate that Whites’ truth bias for Black targets is likely the result of late-stage correction processes: Despite ultimately judging that Black targets were telling the truth more often than White targets, Whites were faster to fixate on the on-screen “lie” response box when targets were Black than when targets were White. These systematic race-based biases have important theoretical implications (e.g., for lie detection and improving intergroup communication and relations) and practical implications (e.g., for reducing racial bias in law enforcement).

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The Relationship of Urinary Kallikrein Activity to Renal Salt and Water Excretion

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0540039 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 39-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. B. Levy ◽

R. P. Frigon ◽

R. A. Stone

Keyword(s):

Racial Differences ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Urinary Kallikrein ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Water Excretion ◽

Water Load ◽

Black And White ◽

Kallikrein Activity

1. We measured urinary kallikrein (kininogenin) excretion in black and white normotensive subjects during a variety of manipulations of salt and water balance. 2. A large intravenous saline load administered while the subjects were on an unrestricted sodium diet did not significantly change urinary kallikrein activity in either racial group. 3. After several days of dietary sodium restriction both racial groups increased their urinary kallikrein activity. An intravenous water load given then further increased urinary kallikrein activity. White subjects were studied for an additional 24 h period, and urinary kallikrein activity returned to pre-water load values, indicating that the excretion of a water load in sodium-depleted subjects is associated with an increase in kallikrein excretion. 4. Black subjects excreted less kallikrein in the urine than white subjects during the initial 24 h periods of unrestricted dietary sodium intake, but there were no other significant racial differences during the other experimental conditions.

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