scholarly journals Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Inter-Individual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pusch ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt ◽  
Caroline Zygar-Hoffmann ◽  
Birk Hagemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Communal Behavior ◽  
Partner Behaviors ◽  
Partner Perceptions ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due toperceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a four-week experience sampling study (N = up to 60,942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner-related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (a) global communal partner behavior and (b) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviors. The results of truth and bias models of judgment and quasi-signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner’s communal behavior. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behavior. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behavior. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasize the benefits of dyadic micro-longitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives.

scholarly journals Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Interindividual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pusch ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt ◽  
Caroline Zygar–Hoffmann ◽  
Birk Hagemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
European Association ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Partner Perceptions ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due to perceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a 4–week experience sampling study ( N = up to 60942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner–related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (i) global communal partner behaviour and (ii) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviours. The results of truth and bias models of judgement and quasi–signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner's communal behaviour. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behaviour. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behaviour. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasise the benefits of dyadic microlongitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Memory Span and Individual Differences in Activation: Implicit and Explicit Measures

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Lilienthal ◽  
Elaine Tamez ◽  
Nathan Rose ◽  
Joel Myerson ◽  
Sandra Hale
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

scholarly journals CD38 is associated with communal behavior, partner perceptions, affect and relationship adjustment in romantic relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gentiana Sadikaj ◽  
D. S. Moskowitz ◽  
David C. Zuroff ◽  
Jennifer A. Bartz
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Relationship Adjustment ◽  
Communal Behavior ◽  
Partner Perceptions

Reconsidering “Best Practices” for Testing the Ideal Standards Model: A Response to Eastwick, Finkel, and Simpson (2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1581-1595
Author(s):  
Garth J. O. Fletcher ◽  
Nickola C. Overall ◽  
Lorne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Ideal Standards ◽  
Statistical Issues ◽  
Partner Perceptions ◽  
Partner Matching ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
The Ideal

Eastwick, Finkel, and Simpson (2018) advanced recommendations for “best practices” in testing the predictive validity of individual differences in the extent to which perceptions of partners match ideal standards (ideal-partner matching). We respond to their article evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of different tests, presenting new analyses of existing data, and setting out conclusions that differ from Eastwick et al. We (a) argue that correlations between ideal standards for attributes in partners and corresponding partner perceptions are relevant to the ideal standards model (ISM), (b) show that important methodological and statistical issues qualify their interpretations of prior research, (c) illustrate a new analytic approach used in the accuracy literature that tests (and controls for) confounds highlighted by Eastwick et al., and (d) provide evidence that the direct-estimation measure of ideal-partner matching is a valid and useful method. We conclude with a cautionary note on the concept of best practices.

scholarly journals Using mobile phone diaries to explore children’s everyday lives

Childhood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Plowman ◽  
Olivia Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
The Everyday

This article describes a novel approach to experience sampling as a response to the challenges of researching the everyday lives of young children at home. Parents from 11 families used mobile phones to send the research team combined picture and text messages to provide ‘experience snapshots’ of their child’s activities six times on each of three separate days. The article describes how the method aligns with an ecocultural approach, illustrates the variation in children’s experiences and provides sufficient detail for researchers to adapt the method for the purposes of collecting data in other contexts. The article summarizes the benefits and shortcomings from the perspectives of families and researchers.

Temporal-Signal Detection and Individual Differences in Timing

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W Brown ◽  
Damon C Newcomb ◽  
Kathleen G Kahrl
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Target Duration ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Temporal Reproduction ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
Judgment Data

Signal-detection procedures were used in three experiments to examine sensitivity and bias in time judgments and to evaluate individual differences in timing. The task required subjects to judge whether visual stimuli were presented for a certain target duration (the ‘signal’) or for a slightly longer duration. In experiment 1, subjects performed versions of the task involving both short (2 s) and long (12 s) target stimuli. Analyses of sensitivity and bias measures ( d' and β) provided evidence for consistency in timing performance within individuals. In experiment 2, subjects were tested on a detection task with 5, 10, or 15 s targets, followed by a temporal-reproduction task involving stimulus durations ranging from 3 to 17 s. Subjects with high temporal sensitivity showed less error in their reproductions than subjects with low temporal sensitivity. In experiment 3, subjects were pretested on a detection task with a 12 s target and then performed a temporal-production task where they attempted to generate a series of 12 s intervals under either control or informational feedback conditions. Feedback improved accuracy and reduced variability in temporal productions. However, the low-temporal-sensitivity subjects were more variable in their responses under both conditions than were the high-sensitivity subjects. The results point to the utility of a temporal-signal-detection task both as a means for studying individual differences in timing and as a pretesting technique for assigning subjects to high-sensitivity and low-sensitivity groups to reduce error in time-judgment data.

scholarly journals Predicting Delay in Goal-Directed Action: An Experience Sampling Approach Uncovering Within-Person Determinants Involved in the Onset of Academic Procrastination Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena M. Wieland ◽  
Ulrich W. Ebner-Priemer ◽  
Matthias F. Limberger ◽  
Ulrike E. Nett
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
Electronic Diary ◽  
Academic Tasks ◽  
Directed Action ◽  
Sampling Approach

Academic procrastination involves the delayed implementation of actions required to fulfill study-related tasks. These behavioral delays are thought to result from momentary failures in self-regulation (i.e., within-person processes). Most previous studies focused on the role of trait-based individual differences in students’ procrastination tendencies. Little is known about the within-person processes involved in the occurrence of procrastination behavior in real-life academic situations. The present study applied an event-based experience sampling approach to investigate whether the onset of task-specific delay behavior can be attributed to unfavorable changes in students’ momentary appraisals of tasks (value, aversiveness, effort, expectations of success), which may indicate failures in self-regulation arise between critical phases of goal-directed action. University students (N = 75) used an electronic diary over eight days to indicate their next days’ intentions to work on academic tasks and their task-specific appraisals (n = 582 academic tasks planned). For each task, a second query requested the next day determined whether students’ task-related appraisals changed and whether they implemented their intention on time or delayed working on the respective task (n = 501 completed task-specific measurements). Students’ general procrastination tendency was assessed at baseline using two established self-report questionnaires. Stepwise two-level logistic regression analyses revealed that within-person changes in task-related appraisals that reflected a devaluation of the study-related tasks increased the risk for an actual delay. The risk to delay decreased when students maintained a positive attitude toward the task. Students’ general procrastination tendency did not predict individual differences in their task-specific delay behavior. We discuss these findings in light of the growing effort to understand the within-person processes that contribute to induce procrastination behavior under real-life academic conditions and illustrate how this knowledge can benefit the design of tasks and instructions that support students’ self-regulation to their best.

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