scholarly journals Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Interindividual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pusch ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt ◽  
Caroline Zygar–Hoffmann ◽  
Birk Hagemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
European Association ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Partner Perceptions ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due to perceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a 4–week experience sampling study ( N = up to 60942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner–related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (i) global communal partner behaviour and (ii) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviours. The results of truth and bias models of judgement and quasi–signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner's communal behaviour. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behaviour. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behaviour. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasise the benefits of dyadic microlongitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Inter-Individual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pusch ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt ◽  
Caroline Zygar-Hoffmann ◽  
Birk Hagemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Communal Behavior ◽  
Partner Behaviors ◽  
Partner Perceptions ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due toperceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a four-week experience sampling study (N = up to 60,942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner-related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (a) global communal partner behavior and (b) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviors. The results of truth and bias models of judgment and quasi-signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner’s communal behavior. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behavior. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behavior. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasize the benefits of dyadic micro-longitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives.

Individual Differences in Testosterone Predict Persistence in Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Welker ◽  
Justin M. Carré
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
European Association ◽  
Competitive Interaction ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function ◽  
Maximum Time ◽  
The Relationship

Persistence is an important predictor of future successes. The present research addresses the relationship between testosterone and persistence in men. One hundred eighteen men were randomly assigned to win or lose a competitive number tracing task against a confederate or complete the task alone in a non–competitive control condition. Saliva samples were collected prior to and after the competition or control conditions. Participants were then given a maximum time of 30 min to spend attempting to solve unsolvable puzzles, with the option to quit at any time. In contrast to our prediction, changes in testosterone concentrations in response to the competitive interaction did not predict persistence behaviour. However, individual differences in testosterone concentrations (pre–competition/non–competition) were positively correlated with persistence. These findings are the first to examine associations between neuroendocrine function and persistence behaviour in people and suggest that testosterone should also be considered when predicting persistence–related outcomes. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Resistance to Social Change and Acceptance of Inequality Predict System Legitimacy Differently Depending on the Social Structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt ◽  
Christine Reyna
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
European Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Social

We propose that individual differences in the resistance to social change and the acceptance of inequality can have divergent effects on legitimacy depending on the context. This possibility was tested in a sample of 27 European countries ( N = 144 367) and across four experiments (total N = 475). Individual differences in the resistance to social change were related to higher levels of perceived legitimacy no matter the level of inequality of the society. Conversely, individual differences in the acceptance of inequality were related to higher levels of perceived legitimacy in unequal societies, but either a relationship near zero or the opposite relationship was found in more equal societies. These studies highlight the importance of distinguishing between individual differences that make up political ideology, especially when making predictions in diverse settings. © 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

On the Role of Specific Emotions in Autonomous and Controlled Motivated Behaviour

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Vandercammen ◽  
Joeri Hofmans ◽  
Peter Theuns ◽  
Peter Kuppens
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Lab Experiment ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Relationship

In the present study, we study the effect of four specific emotions (i.e. happiness, relaxation, depression, and anxiety) on autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour. Drawing on the componential approach to emotions, we argue that because different emotions have a different action readiness—the readiness to engage with the environment—they also have a different impact on autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we performed two studies. In the first one, 50 participants took part in an experience sampling study in which they reported their emotions (happiness, relaxation, depression, and anxiety) and autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour 10 times a day for 7 consecutive days. In the second study, 217 students participated in a lab experiment in which we studied the effect of induced anxiety, depression, happiness, and relaxation on autonomous motivated behaviour. The results showed how specific emotions predict autonomous motivated behaviour and that the relationship between the different emotions and autonomous motivated behaviour depends on the emotion under study. By doing so, we demonstrated the important role of emotions in the elicitation of autonomous motivated behaviour. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Personality Maturation during the Transition to Working Life: Associations with Commitment as A Possible Indicator of Social Investment

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte den Boer ◽  
Theo A. Klimstra ◽  
Susan J.T. Branje ◽  
Wim H.J. Meeus ◽  
Jaap J.A. Denissen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
European Association ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Student Life ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Investment Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Commitment

The social investment theory (SIT) proposes that personality maturation is triggered by transitions into age–graded roles and psychological commitment to these roles. The present study examines the predictions of SIT by focusing on the transition from student life to working life. We analysed three–wave longitudinal data and compared participants who made the transition into working life ( N = 226), participants who combined education with work ( N = 387), and participants who did not make the transition at all ( N = 287). In contrast to the predictions of SIT, we found no differences in personality maturation between individuals who made the transition into working life and those who did this only partly or not at all. Psychological commitment to work did not explain individual differences in personality maturation for those who made the transition (partly) into working life after controlling for multiple testing. Therefore, the present study did not support the predictions of SIT. © 2019 The Authors European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Personality Traits Predict Smartphone Usage

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Stachl ◽  
Sven Hilbert ◽  
Jiew–Quay Au ◽  
Daniel Buschek ◽  
Alexander De Luca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
European Association ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Actual Behaviour

The present study investigates to what degree individual differences can predict frequency and duration of actual behaviour, manifested in mobile application (app) usage on smartphones. In particular, this work focuses on the identification of stable associations between personality on the factor and facet level, fluid intelligence, demography and app usage in 16 distinct categories. A total of 137 subjects (87 women and 50 men), with an average age of 24 ( SD = 4.72), participated in a 90–min psychometric lab session as well as in a subsequent 60–day data logging study in the field. Our data suggest that personality traits predict mobile application usage in several specific categories such as communication, photography, gaming, transportation and entertainment. Extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness are better predictors of mobile application usage than basic demographic variables in several distinct categories. Furthermore, predictive performance is slightly higher for single factor—in comparison with facet–level personality scores. Fluid intelligence and demographics additionally show stable associations with categorical app usage. In sum, this study demonstrates how individual differences can be effectively related to actual behaviour and how this can assist in understanding the behavioural underpinnings of personality. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

Solidarity and Social Justice: Effect of Individual Differences in Justice Sensitivity on Solidarity Behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Stavrova ◽  
Thomas Schlösser
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
European Association ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Justice Sensitivity ◽  
Random Draw ◽  
Hexaco Model

We investigate the effect of individual differences in justice sensitivity (JS) on giving behaviour in a solidarity game, its potential moderators and the underlying psychological mechanisms. In a solidarity game, subjects are asked to make decisions about transferring money to other players in a case in which they win a random draw and the other players lose. The results of four studies showed the following: (1) JS explains a unique portion of variance in the solidarity behaviour, above and beyond other basic personality dimensions (e.g. HEXACO model); (2) its effect does not depend on contextual factors, such as the degree of moral entitlement not to share and the possibility to attribute the recipients’ disadvantage to their own responsibility; and (3) individual differences in the emotions anticipated in response to different outcomes of a random draw and the cognitive interpretation of the allocation situation partially mediate the effect of JS on solidarity behaviour. We also provided the first evidence that JS predicts individual differences in the propensity to take away others’ earnings (antisocial behaviour). The results are discussed with respect to the research on personality as a predictor of prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Lead Us (Not) into Temptation: Testing the Motivational Mechanisms Linking Honesty–Humility to Cooperation

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. Hilbig ◽  
Pascal J. Kieslich ◽  
Felix Henninger ◽  
Isabel Thielmann ◽  
Ingo Zettler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
European Association ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
The Past ◽  
Person Game ◽  
Hexaco Model ◽  
Shed Light

Over the past decades, there has been considerable interest in individual differences in cooperative behaviour and how these can be explained. Whereas the Honesty–Humility dimension from the HEXACO model of personality has been identified as a consistent predictor of cooperation, the underlying motivational mechanisms of this association have remained unclear—especially given the confound between the temptation to exploit others and the fear of being exploited as motivational drivers of defection in social dilemmas. In a reanalysis and a new experiment, we tease apart these mechanisms by manipulating the rank order of pay–offs in a symmetric two–person game paradigm, essentially implementing the classic prisoner's dilemma, stag hunt, and chicken games. Results revealed that Honesty–Humility predicted cooperation specifically in the games in which temptation was a potential motivator of defection, whereas it did not account for cooperation in those games in which only fear implied defection. Our findings thereby shed light on the underlying motivational mechanisms of the Honesty–Humility–cooperation link and, more generally, demonstrate how economic games can be used to disentangle such mechanisms. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

Perceiving Aggression from Facial Structure: Further Evidence for A Positive Association with Facial Width–To–Height Ratio and Masculinity, but Not for Moderation by Self–Reported Dominance

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen E. Lefevre ◽  
Gary J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
European Association ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Relative Width ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Facial Structure ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Facial Masculinity

Recent work has indicated that individual differences in facial structure are linked to perceptions of aggressiveness. In particular, the relative width of a face [facial width–to–height ratio (fWHR)] has been suggested to be a reliable cue to aggressive behaviour, at least in men. Additionally, facial masculinity has been associated with perceptions of dominance, a close proxy of aggressiveness. In two studies, we assessed the robustness of this link using faces transformed along these vectors in men (Studies 1 and 2) and women (Study 2). Additionally, we examined whether individual differences in self–reported dominance of perceivers moderated this association in order to extend previous work indicating that own dominance affects perception of such behaviour in others. Results indicated that both male and female faces with increased fWHR and increased facial masculinity were perceived as more aggressive. However, we found no systematic evidence for moderating effects of self–reported dominance on the perception of aggression in others. Taken together, these results further support the robustness of fWHR and facial masculinity as cues to aggressiveness but question whether observers’ own dominance moderates their perception of these cues in others. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Differences in the Between–Person and Within–Person Structures of Affect Are A Matter of Degree

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Brose ◽  
Manuel C. Voelkle ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger ◽  
Florian Schmiedek
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
European Association ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Over Time

This study tested whether the structure of affect observed on the basis of between–person (BP) differences is equivalent to the affect structures that organize the variability of affective states within persons (WP) over time. Further aims were to identify individual differences in the degree of divergence between the WP and BP structure and examine its association to dispositional and contextual variables (neuroticism, extraversion, well–being and stress). In 100 daily sessions, 101 younger adults rated their mood on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Variability of five negative affect items across time was so low that they were excluded from the analyses. We thus worked with a modified negative affect subscale. WP affect structures diverged reliably from the BP structure, with individual differences in the degree of divergence. Differences in the WP structural characteristics and the degree of divergence could be predicted by well–being and stress. We conclude that BP and WP structures of affect are not equivalent and that BP and WP variation should be considered as distinct phenomena. It would be wrong, for example, to conceive of positive and negative affect as independent at the WP level, as suggested by BP findings. Yet, individual differences in WP structural characteristics are related to stable BP differences, and the degree to which individuals’ affect structures diverge from the BP structure can provide important insights into intraindividual functioning. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document