scholarly journals Automated gaze direction scoring from videos collected online through conventional webcam.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Fraser ◽  
sylvia gattas ◽  
Katie Hurman ◽  
Martin Robinson ◽  
Mihaela Duta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Online Research ◽  
Infant Research ◽  
Single Frame ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Potential Resource ◽  
Horizontal Gaze ◽  
Basic Image ◽  
Processing Techniques

As online research has become more prevalent, researchers have been investigating the possibility of replicating techniques that go beyond measuring only simple behaviour. One such method could leverage the webcam of the participants’ device to collect information about eye gaze direction. Several packages have been developed for collecting such data, but they all lead to high attrition and require extensive and potentially frustrating calibration procedures, which hinders all research, in particular data collection including children and participants with neuro-developmental difficulties.To overcome this issue, we developed GazeScorer, a package that uses basic image processing techniques and a simple one-point calibration to score horizontal gaze orientation. We based our work on experience gained from infant research, in which a researcher manually scores horizontal gaze orientation from individual video frames. Using videos collected in two browser-based remote studies, one including adults, and one including children. We achieved low participant attrition, single-frame point calibration, and demonstrated a good level of inter-rater reliability between GazeScorer and a manual scorer. Our package provides a potential resource for researchers working with populations who could not perform a long or involved calibration, in studies in which information about horizontal gaze orientation is sufficient.

Detecting Thread Features Based on Digital Image Processing Techniques

2014 ◽  
Vol 889-890 ◽  
pp. 1107-1110
Author(s):  
Han Ming Cai ◽  
Pei Yao Wang ◽  
Xiao Mei Song
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Basic Image ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Gauge Measurement

Thread features of the traditional measuring method mainly adopts working gauge measurement, due to limitations in the traditional thread features measurement accuracy is relatively low, the efficiency is low, the cost is high. The thread features detection method based on digital image processing techniques using CCD to obtain basic image of thread, processing the thread image, extracting thread outline, calculating thread features through the computer, improves the efficiency, saves the cost.

scholarly journals Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expressions with Direct or Averted Eye Gaze and Varying Expression Intensities in Children with Autism Disorder and Typically Developing Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Tell ◽  
Denise Davidson ◽  
Linda A. Camras
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Expression Intensity ◽  
Autism Disorder

Eye gaze direction and expression intensity effects on emotion recognition in children with autism disorder and typically developing children were investigated. Children with autism disorder and typically developing children identified happy and angry expressions equally well. Children with autism disorder, however, were less accurate in identifying fear expressions across intensities and eye gaze directions. Children with autism disorder rated expressions with direct eyes, and 50% expressions, as more intense than typically developing children. A trend was also found for sad expressions, as children with autism disorder were less accurate in recognizing sadness at 100% intensity with direct eyes than typically developing children. Although the present research showed that children with autism disorder are sensitive to eye gaze direction, impairments in the recognition of fear, and possibly sadness, exist. Furthermore, children with autism disorder and typically developing children perceive the intensity of emotional expressions differently.

scholarly journals What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiro Kano ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi ◽  
Chie Hashimoto ◽  
Christopher Krupenye ◽  
Jesse G Leinwand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Morphology ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Signaling Hypothesis

The gaze-signaling hypothesis and the related cooperative-eye hypothesis posit that humans have evolved special external eye morphology, including exposed white sclera (the white of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze direction and thereby facilitate conspecific communication through joint-attentional interaction and ostensive communication. However, recent quantitative studies questioned these hypotheses based on new findings that humans are not necessarily unique in certain eye features compared to other great ape species. Therefore, there is currently a heated debate on whether external eye features of humans are distinguished from those of other apes and how such distinguished features contribute to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. This study leveraged updated image analysis techniques to test the uniqueness of human eye features in facial images of great apes. Although many eye features were similar between humans and other species, a key difference was that humans have uniformly white sclera which creates clear visibility of both eye outline and iris; the two essential features contributing to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. We then tested the robustness of the visibility of these features against visual noises such as darkening and distancing and found that both eye features remain detectable in the human eye, while eye outline becomes barely detectable in other species under these visually challenging conditions. Overall, we identified that humans have distinguished external eye morphology among other great apes, which ensures robustness of eye-gaze signal against various visual conditions. Our results support and also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.

Eye-Tracking Technology

2017 ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Chandni Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Behavioral Markers ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Insight Into

Eye movements and gaze direction have been utilized to make inferences about perception and cognition since the 1800s. The driving factor behind recording overt eye movements stem from the fundamental idea that one's gaze provides tremendous insight into the information processing that takes place early on during development. One of the key deficits seen in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involves eye gaze and social attention processing. The current chapter focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology with high-risk infants who are siblings of children diagnosed with ASD in order to highlight potential bio-behavioral markers that can inform the ascertainment of red flags and atypical behaviors associated with ASD within the first few years of development.

Is eye gaze direction always determined without intent?

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1495-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon O’Malley ◽  
Derek Besner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Gaze Direction

Gaze Direction Influences Awareness in Recognition Memory for Faces after Intentional Learning

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémy Daury
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
The State ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Learning Experiment ◽  
Direct Gaze

Previous research has shown that direct gaze elicits more hits than deviated gaze in face recognition tasks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the state of awareness that accompanied recognition was different for faces with eye gaze directed toward the observer as compared with faces looking elsewhere. This state of awareness was assessed using the “Remember-Know-Guess” paradigm. Three different experiments were conducted including, respectively, 24 (12 women, 12 men), 24 (12 women, 12 men), and 28 (15 women, 13 men) volunteer participants ages 18 to 31 ( M1 = 20.8, SD1 = 2.8; M2 = 20.7, SD2 = 2.4; M3 = 21.5, SD3 = 3.6). Experiments comprised two incidental learning experiments using, respectively, frontal views and profile views of faces at encoding, and one intentional learning experiment using profile views of faces at encoding. Surprisingly, the effect of direct gaze observed in previous studies was not replicated. The rates of Hits were not significantly higher for faces showing direct gaze than for faces with deviated gaze across the three experiments. However, in the intentional learning experiment, rates of Remember responses were significantly higher in the direct gaze than in the deviated gaze condition.

Perception of eye gaze direction in a case of acquired prosopagnosia

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Fall 2019) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Britt Erni ◽  
Roland Maurer ◽  
Dirk Kerzel ◽  
Nicolas Burra
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Face

The ability to perceive the direction of eye gaze is critical in social settings. Brain lesions in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) impair this ability. We investigated the perception of gaze direction of PS, a patient suffering from acquired prosopagnosia (Rossion et al., 2003). Despite lesions in the face network, the STS was spared in PS. We assessed perception of gaze direction in PS with upright, inverted, and contrast-reversed faces. Compared to the performance of 11 healthy women matched for age and education, PS demonstrated abnormal discrimination of gaze direction with upright and contrast-reversed faces, but not with inverted faces. Our findings suggest that the inability of the patient to process faces holistically weakened her perception of gaze direction, especially in demanding tasks.

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