scholarly journals Negative affect, affect-related impulsivity, and receptive syringe sharing among people who inject drugs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti ◽  
Basmattee Boodram ◽  
Geri Donenberg
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Syringe Sharing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Receptive syringe sharing (RSS) among people who inject drugs (PWID) is a risk factor for hepatitis C virus and HIV infections. PWID with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have increased risk of RSS, but it remains unclear what drives this association. This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to study characteristics associated with BPD, and RSS among PWID. We recruited PWID, age 18-35, through two Community Outreach Intervention Projects syringe service program sites in Chicago, Illinois, USA. After a baseline interview, participants used a mobile phone app to respond to momentary surveys on mood, substance use, and injection risk behavior for two weeks. For each momentary assessment, ratings on negative mood descriptors were combined to create measures of total negative affect (NA), and NA components of dejection, shame, anger, irritability, and worry. RSS was defined by participant responses indicating that they had used a syringe that someone else had used. We estimated mixed effects logistic models, regressing RSS on baseline affect-related impulsivity, lagged momentary NA, and the interaction term. Out of 163 participants who completed at least two EMA assessments, 152 (93%) reported at least one injection event and had valid pre-injection mood assessments required to be included in the analysis. We found that affect-related impulsivity, combined with worried mood in the hours preceding the injection episode, predicted increased risk of RSS. PWID having difficulties with emotion regulation may be at increased risk of RSS during periods of anxiety or tension.

Negative affect and emotion dysregulation among people who inject drugs: An ecological momentary assessment study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti ◽  
Geri Donenberg
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Exchange Program ◽  
Opioid Intoxication ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to measure positive and negative affect among people who inject drugs (PWID), and examined associations with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms and difficulties with emotion regulation, in the context of injection drug use. We recruited PWID, age 18-35, through syringe exchange program sites in Chicago, Illinois, USA. After completing a baseline interview including a screener for BPD and the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), participants used a mobile phone app to report mood, substance use, and injection behavior for two weeks. Participants who completed at least two EMA assessments were included in the analysis (N = 161). The mean age was 30, about one-third were women, 63% were non-Hispanic white, and 23% were Hispanic. In multivariable mixed effects regression models, positive BPD screen was associated with greater momentary negative affect (NA) intensity, and greater instability of both NA and positive affect (PA). Independent of BPD screening status, DERS score was associated positively with momentary NA intensity and instability, and negatively with positive affect (PA) intensity. This finding suggests that emotion dysregulation is an appropriate target for assessment and intervention. While concurrent withdrawal was associated with both greater NA and less PA, opioid intoxication was associated only with greater PA. We did not find support for our hypothesis that emotion dysregulation would moderate the effect of withdrawal on NA. Findings support the validity of the EMA mood measure and the utility of studying mood and behavior among PWID using EMA on mobile phones.

scholarly journals Negative affect, affect-related impulsivity, and receptive syringe sharing among people who inject drugs.

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 734-744
Author(s):  
Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti ◽  
Basmattee Boodram ◽  
Geri Donenberg
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Syringe Sharing

scholarly journals High levels of used syringe use and unsafe sex among people who inject drugs in Kumasi, Ghana: an urgent call for a comprehensive harm reduction approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Messersmith ◽  
Rose Adjei ◽  
Jennifer Beard ◽  
Angela R. Bazzi ◽  
Joel J. Earlywine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Syringe Sharing ◽  
Unsafe Sex ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Major Drug

Abstract Background Drug use is a growing concern in Ghana. People who inject drugs (PWID) are highly vulnerable to HIV and other infectious diseases. Ghana’s National Strategic Plan for HIV/AIDS 2016–2020 identifies PWID as a key population, but efforts to address the needs of PWID have lagged behind those targeting sex workers and men who have sex with men. Lack of information about PWID is a critical barrier to implementing effective HIV prevention and treatment. We aimed to learn more about the vulnerability of the PWID population in order to inform much-needed harm reduction interventions. Methods From April to July 2018, we conducted a mixed methods study in Kumasi, Ghana, to identify all major drug using locations, count the numbers of PWID to obtain rough population size estimations, and administer anonymous surveys to 221 PWID regarding drug use and sexual behavior. We also tested for HIV, HCV, and HBV from syringes used by survey participants. Results Key informants identified five major drug using locations and estimated the total PWID population size to be between 600 and 2000. Enumerators counted between 35 and 61 individuals present at each of the five bases. Sharing syringes and reusing discarded syringes are common practices. Over half of survey participants (59%) reported past-month syringe sharing (34% used a used syringe and 52% gave away a used syringe). Individuals with higher injection frequency (≥ 21 times weekly) and who injected with four or more people had higher odds of syringe sharing. Of the survey participants reporting sex in the last month (23%), most reported having one partner, but only 12% used condoms. Nearly all women (11/13) reported exchanging sex for drugs and 6/13 reported exchanging sex for money in the last six months. Fifteen percent of participants (all men) reported paying for sex using drugs or money. Of the used syringes, prevalence estimates were 3% (HIV), 2% (HCV), and 9% (HBV). Conclusions Our findings confirm the urgent need to implement harm reduction interventions targeting PWID and to build a strong and enabling legal and policy environment in Ghana to support these efforts.

Inducing Amusement in the Laboratory and Its Moderation by Experiential Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110079
Author(s):  
Danette Abernathy ◽  
Robert D. Zettle
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
College Student ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Relative Ability ◽  
Experiential Approach ◽  
Dispositional Differences

The relative ability of four comedic sketches to induce amusement in the laboratory and its moderation by dispositional differences in experiential approach as a form of positive emotion regulation were investigated. College student participants reported significant and equivalent diminished levels of negative affect relative to baseline following each sketch, while the level of positive affect induced by The Office exceeded that elicited by two of the three other sketches as well as by a top-ranked French comedic film clip. Regression models indicated that the two subscales of the Experiential Approach Scale and their interaction accounted for significant variability in negative mood reductions following the sketches. Unexpectedly, college student participants who enjoyed the greatest decrement in negative affect reported a regulation style in which anxiously clinging to positive emotions dominates over sustaining and savoring them. The limitations of this project and implications of its findings for laboratory inductions of amusement, as well as further investigations of its possible moderation by experiential approach as form of positive emotion regulation are discussed.

scholarly journals Achievements and Challenges in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV—A Retrospective Cohort Study from a Rural Hospital in Northern Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2751
Author(s):  
Sunniva Marie Nydal ◽  
Yuda Munyaw ◽  
Johan N. Bruun ◽  
Arne Broch Brantsæter
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Rural Hospital ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Mother To Child

Despite the goal of eliminating new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in children, mother-to-child transmission is still common in resource-poor countries. The aims of this study were to assess the occurrence of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) by age 18 months, risk factors for transmission, and the implementation of the national prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) program in a rural hospital in Tanzania. Data were collated from various medical registers and records. We included 172 children and 167 HIV-infected mothers. Among 88 children (51%) with adequate information, 9 (10.2%) were infected. Increased risk of MTCT was associated with late testing of the child (>2 months) [OR = 9.5 (95% CI: 1.8–49.4)], absence of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy [OR = 9.7 (95% CI: 2.1–46.1)], and maternal CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm3 [OR = 15.3 (95% CI: 2.1–111)]. We were unable to determine the occurrence of MTCT transmission in 84 children (49%). The results from this study highlight that there is an urgent need for enhanced efforts to improve follow-up of HIV-exposed children, to improve documentation in registries and records, and to facilitate ease of linkage between these.

scholarly journals Association of Affect and Gait Performance in Dual-Task Walking in Non-Demented Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 287-287
Author(s):  
Deepan Guharajan ◽  
Roee Holtzer
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Task Conditions

Abstract Aging populations are at increased risk to experience mobility disability, which is associated with falls, frailty, and mortality. Previous studies have not examined the concurrent associations of both positive and negative affect with gait velocity. We examined whether individual differences in positive and negative affect predicted dual-task performance decrements in velocity in a dual-task (DT) paradigm in non-demented older adults. We hypothesize that positive affect would be associated with lower DT costs, and negative affect would be associated with higher DT costs. Participants (N = 403; mean age, = 76.22 (6.55); females = 56%) completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and a DT paradigm that involved three task conditions: Single-Task-Walk (STW), Alpha (cognitive interference requiring participants to recite alternate letters of the alphabet), and Dual-Task-Walk (DTW) requiring participant to perform the two single tasks concurrently. Gait velocity was assessed via an instrumented walkway. As expected, results of a linear mixed effects model (LME) showed a significant decline in gait velocity (cm/s) from STW to DTW (estimate = -11.79; 95%CI = -12.82 to -10.77). LME results further revealed that negative affect was associated with greater decline in gait velocity from STW to DTW (ie., worse DT cost) (estimate = -0.38; 95%CI = -0.73 to -0.03). Positive affect did not, however, predict DT costs in gait velocity (estimate = -0.09; 95%CI = -0.23 to 0.05). These findings suggest that increased negative affect interferes with the allocation of attentional resources to competing task demands inherent in the DT paradigm.

scholarly journals Examining convergence of retrospective and ecological momentary assessment measures of negative affect and eating disorder behaviors

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Wonderlich ◽  
Jason M. Lavender ◽  
Stephen A. Wonderlich ◽  
Carol B. Peterson ◽  
Scott J. Crow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Assessment Measures ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment ◽  
Eating Disorder Behaviors

Affect regulation in depressed and nondepressed children and young adolescents

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Garber ◽  
Nancy Braafladt ◽  
Bahr Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Game Situation ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Children And Young Adolescents

AbstractThe present study examined children's reported frequency and efficacy of strategies for regulating their negative affect in response to a description of a particular affiliative (fight with a friend) or achievement (loss at a game) situation. The 275 children were in kindergarten through eighth grade; they completed the Children's Depression Inventory and either the “Fight” or “Game” version of the Child Affect Questionnaire (CAQ-F or CAQ-G). Children who endorsed higher levels of depressive symptoms generally reported using affect regulation strategies significantly less often than did nondepressed children, and they rated these responses as significantly less effective in altering their negative mood. Depressed girls rated mother-initiated affect regulation strategies as less effective than did nondepressed girls. Younger children rated both self- and mother-initiated strategies as more effective than did older children. Several directions for future research are suggested.

scholarly journals A Coordinated Analysis of Variance in Affect in Daily Life

Assessment ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1683-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey B. Scott ◽  
Martin J. Sliwinski ◽  
Matthew Zawadzki ◽  
Robert S. Stawski ◽  
Jinhyuk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Daily Diary ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Total N ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment ◽  
Widespread Interest

Despite widespread interest in variance in affect, basic questions remain pertaining to the relative proportions of between-person and within-person variance, the contribution of days and moments, and the reliability of these estimates. We addressed these questions by decomposing negative affect and positive affect variance across three levels (person, day, moment), and calculating reliability using a coordinated analysis of seven daily diary, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and diary-EMA hybrid studies (across studies age = 18-84 years, total Npersons = 2,103, total Nobservations = 45,065). Across studies, within-person variance was sizeable (negative affect: 45% to 66%, positive affect: 25% to 74%); in EMA more within-person variance was attributable to momentary rather than daily level. Reliability was adequate to high at all levels of analysis (within-person: .73-.91; between-person: .96-1.00) despite different items and designs. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of future intensive studies of affect variance.

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