scholarly journals Creative or Not? Hierarchical Diffusion Modeling of the Creative Evaluation Process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Donzallaz ◽  
Julia M. Haaf ◽  
Claire Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Evaluation Phase ◽  
Hierarchical Diffusion ◽  
Importance Ratings ◽  
Rating Criteria

When producing creative ideas (i.e., ideas that are original and useful) two main processes occur: ideation, where people brainstorm ideas, and evaluation, where they decide if the ideas are creative or not. While much is known about the ideation phase, the cognitive processes involved in creativity evaluation are largely unclear. In this paper, we present a novel modeling approach for the evaluation phase of creativity. We apply the drift diffusion model (DDM) to the creative-or-not (CON)-task to study the cognitive basis of evaluation and to examine individual differences in the extent to which people take originality and utility into account when evaluating creative ideas. The CON-task is a timed decision-making task where participants indicate whether they find uses for certain objects creative or not (e.g., using a book as a buoy). The different use items vary on the two creativity dimensions ‘originality’ and ‘utility’. In two studies (n = 293, 17806 trials; n = 152, 9291 trials), we found that stimulus originality was strongly related to participants’ drift rate, whereas stimulus utility was only somewhat associated with the drift rate. However, participants differed substantially in the effects of originality and utility. Furthermore, the implicit weights assigned to originality and utility on the CON-task were aligned with self-reported importance ratings of originality and utility and associated with divergent thinking performance. Our findings underline the importance of communicating rating criteria in divergent thinking tasks such as the alternative uses task to ensure a fair assessment of creative ability.

scholarly journals Aggressive Realism: More Efficient Processing of Anger in Physically Aggressive Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-581
Author(s):  
Grace M. Brennan ◽  
Arielle R. Baskin-Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Emotion Identification ◽  
Bias Drift ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Information Accumulation

Physically aggressive individuals’ heightened tendency to decide that ambiguous faces are angry is thought to contribute to their destructive interpersonal behavior. Although this tendency is commonly attributed to bias, other cognitive processes could account for the emotion-identification patterns observed in physical aggression. Diffusion modeling is a valuable tool for parsing the contributions of several cognitive processes known to influence decision-making, including bias, drift rate (efficiency of information accumulation), and threshold separation (extent of information accumulation). In a sample of 90 incarcerated men, we applied diffusion modeling to an emotion-identification task. Physical aggression was positively associated with drift rate (i.e., more efficient information accumulation) for anger, and drift rate mediated the association between physical aggression and heightened anger identification. Physical aggression was not, however, associated with bias or threshold separation. These findings implicate processing efficiency for anger-related information as a potential mechanism driving aberrant emotion identification in physical aggression.

scholarly journals Face masks influence how facial expressions are perceived: A drift-diffusion model of emotion judgments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Craig Williams ◽  
Eisha Haque ◽  
Becky Mai ◽  
Vinod Venkatraman
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Lower Face ◽  
Upper Face

Face masks slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but it has been unknown whether masks influence how individuals communicate emotion through facial expressions. Masks could influence how accurately—or how quickly—individuals perceive expressions, and how rapidly they accumulate evidence for emotion. Over two independent pre-registered studies, conducted three and six months into the COVID-19 pandemic, participants judged expressions of 6 emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) with the lower or upper face “masked” or unmasked. Participants in Study 1 (N = 228) identified expressions above chance with lower face masks. However, they were less likely—and slower—to correctly identify these expressions versus without masks, and they accumulated evidence for emotion more slowly—via decreased drift rate in drift-diffusion modeling. This pattern replicated and intensified three months later in Study 2 (N = 264). These data could inform interventions to promote mask wearing by addressing concerns with emotion communication.

scholarly journals Strong Effort Manipulations Reduce Response Caution: A Preregistered Reinvention of the Ego-Depletion Paradigm

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hause Lin ◽  
Blair Saunders ◽  
Malte Friese ◽  
Nathan J. Evans ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Drift Rate ◽  
Ego Depletion ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Rate Information ◽  
Within Subjects

People feel tired or depleted after exerting mental effort. But even preregistered studies often fail to find effects of exerting effort on behavioral performance in the laboratory or elucidate the underlying psychology. We tested a new paradigm in four preregistered within-subjects studies (N = 686). An initial high-demand task reliably elicited very strong effort phenomenology compared with a low-demand task. Afterward, participants completed a Stroop task. We used drift-diffusion modeling to obtain the boundary (response caution) and drift-rate (information-processing speed) parameters. Bayesian analyses indicated that the high-demand manipulation reduced boundary but not drift rate. Increased effort sensations further predicted reduced boundary. However, our demand manipulation did not affect subsequent inhibition, as assessed with traditional Stroop behavioral measures and additional diffusion-model analyses for conflict tasks. Thus, effort exertion reduced response caution rather than inhibitory control, suggesting that after exerting effort, people disengage and become uninterested in exerting further effort.

scholarly journals Visuo-Perceptual and Decision-Making Contributions to Visual Hallucinations in Mild Cognitive Impairment in Lewy Body Disease: Insights from a Drift Diffusion Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 540
Author(s):  
Lauren Revie ◽  
Calum A Hamilton ◽  
Joanna Ciafone ◽  
Paul C Donaghy ◽  
Alan Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Lewy Body ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Lewy Body Disease ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion

Background: Visual hallucinations (VH) are a common symptom in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); however, their cognitive underpinnings remain unclear. Hallucinations have been related to cognitive slowing in DLB and may arise due to impaired sensory input, dysregulation in top-down influences over perception, or an imbalance between the two, resulting in false visual inferences. Methods: Here we employed a drift diffusion model yielding estimates of perceptual encoding time, decision threshold, and drift rate of evidence accumulation to (i) investigate the nature of DLB-related slowing of responses and (ii) their relationship to visuospatial performance and visual hallucinations. The EZ drift diffusion model was fitted to mean reaction time (RT), accuracy and RT variance from two-choice reaction time (CRT) tasks and data were compared between groups of mild cognitive impairment (MCI-LB) LB patients (n = 49) and healthy older adults (n = 25). Results: No difference was detected in drift rate between patients and controls, but MCI-LB patients showed slower non-decision times and boundary separation values than control participants. Furthermore, non-decision time was negatively correlated with visuospatial performance in MCI-LB, and score on visual hallucinations inventory. However, only boundary separation was related to clinical incidence of visual hallucinations. Conclusions: These results suggest that a primary impairment in perceptual encoding may contribute to the visuospatial performance, however a more cautious response strategy may be related to visual hallucinations in Lewy body disease. Interestingly, MCI-LB patients showed no impairment in information processing ability, suggesting that, when perceptual encoding was successful, patients were able to normally process information, potentially explaining the variability of hallucination incidence.

scholarly journals Integrating surveillance data on water-related diseases and drinking-water quality; action-research in a Brazilian municipality

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1048-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Lanza Queiroz ◽  
Laís Santos de Magalhães Cardoso ◽  
Léo Heller ◽  
Sandy Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Professional Staff ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Intersectoral Collaboration ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Action Research Approach ◽  
Evaluation Phase

The Brazilian Ministry of Health proposed a research study involving municipal professional staff conducting both epidemiological and water quality surveillance to facilitate the integration of the data which they collected. It aimed to improve the intersectoral collaboration and health promotion activities in the municipalities, especially regarding drinking-water quality. We then conducted a study using the action-research approach. At its evaluation phase, a technique which we called ‘the tree analogy’ was applied in order to identify both possibilities and challenges related to the proposed interlinkage. Results showed that integrating the two data collection systems cannot be attained without prior institutional adjustments. It suggests therefore the necessity to unravel issues that go beyond the selection and the interrelation of indicators and compatibility of software, to include political, administrative and personal matters. The evaluation process led those involved to re-think their practice by sharing experiences encountered in everyday practice, and formulating constructive criticisms. All this inevitably unleashes a process of empowerment. From this perspective, we have certainly gathered some fruit from the Tree, but not necessarily the most visible.

A Three Dimensional Model for the Classification of Cognitive Processes

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Learning Problem ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Conceptual Network

A model is suggested here which describes the theoretical relationships between different cognitive processes. It is hoped that this model will contribute towards a tightening of the scientific conceptual network, mainly on the “soft” side of cognitive processes theorization. Concepts which are hitherto loosely used will gain clearer, distinctive definition; this applies to concepts like imagery, imagination, fantasy, daydreaming, dreaming, divergent thinking, creativity, etc. In this same model the relationships between these concepts and concepts such as learning, problem solving, information processing, thinking, semantic organization, etc., as well as the relationships among the latter concepts to each other, will also become explicit.

scholarly journals Bayesian confidence for drift diffusion observers in dynamic stimuli tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Calder-Travis ◽  
Rafal Bogacz ◽  
Nick Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Computationally Expensive ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Confidence Data

AbstractMuch work has explored the possibility that the drift diffusion model, a model of response times and choices, could be extended to account for confidence reports. Many methods for making predictions from such models exist, although these methods either assume that stimuli are static over the course of a trial, or are computationally expensive, making it difficult to capitalise on trial-by-trial variability in dynamic stimuli. Using the framework of the drift diffusion model with time-dependent thresholds, and the idea of a Bayesian confidence readout, we derive expressions for the probability distribution over confidence reports. In line with current models of confidence, the derivations allow for the accumulation of “pipeline” evidence which has been received but not processed by the time of response, the effect of drift rate variability, and metacognitive noise. The expressions are valid for stimuli which change over the course of a trial with normally distributed fluctuations in the evidence they provide. A number of approximations are made to arrive at the final expressions, and we test all approximations via simulation. The derived expressions only contain a small number of standard functions, and only require evaluating once per trial, making trial-by-trial modelling of confidence data in dynamic stimuli tasks more feasible. We conclude by using the expressions to gain insight into the confidence of optimal observers, and empirically observed patterns.

scholarly journals Seeing, fast and slow: the effects of processing time on perceptual bias

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Dekel ◽  
Dov Sagi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Perceptual Bias ◽  
List Type ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Tilt Illusion ◽  
Decision Bias ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Stochastic Properties ◽  
Stochastic Mechanism ◽  
General Explanation

AbstractFast and slow decisions exhibit distinct behavioral properties, such as the presence of decision bias in faster but not slower responses. This dichotomy is currently explained by assuming that distinct cognitive processes map to separate brain mechanisms. Here, we suggest an alternative, single-process account based on the stochastic properties of decision processes. Our experimental results show perceptual biases in a variety of tasks (specifically: learned priors, tilt illusion, and tilt aftereffect) that were much reduced with increasing reaction time. To account for this, we consider a simple yet general explanation: prior and noisy decision-related evidence are integrated serially, with evidence and noise accumulating over time (as in the standard drift diffusion model). With time, owing to noise accumulation, the prior effect is predicted to diminish. This illustrates that a clear behavioral separation – presence vs. absence of bias – may reflect a simple stochastic mechanism.HighlightsPerceptual and decisional biases are reduced in slower decisions.Simple mechanistic single-process account for slow bias-free decisions.Signal detection theory criterion is ~zero in decision times>median.

The Study of Creativity and Intelligence in Theory and Practice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenny L. Hicks ◽  
Randall W Engle
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

Despite decades of scholarship devoted to its importance, the cognitive drivers of creative behaviors and products remain poorly understood. Although previous research has proposed a relationship between the convergent processes of creativity and higher order cognition, studies investigating the relationship between divergent thinking and fluid intelligence have revealed little to no relationship between the two. In this article, we review the noteworthy scholars and debates in the field of creativity and the various methodological approaches used to define the construct. We propose that previous failures to find a relationship between intelligence and creativity are due, in part, to researchers’ emphasis on the differences between the two constructs instead of focusing on their commonality. In this study, we view the creativity construct through the lens of problem-solving across spatial and verbal domains. Using a simple scoring procedure that rates verbal and spatial creative responses, we show some of the most robust relationships between measures of creativity and intelligence to date. Further, our results demonstrate that creativity, verbal fluency, and fluid intelligence share many of the same cognitive processes.

Utility of Diffusion Modeling of Cogstate Brief Battery Test Performance in Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment

Assessment ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 107319112110690
Author(s):  
Kyler Mulhauser ◽  
Bruno Giordani ◽  
Voyko Kavcic ◽  
L. D. Nicolas May ◽  
Arijit Bhaumik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Recognition Learning ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Normal Cognition

Cognitive testing data are essential to the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and computerized cognitive testing, such as the Cogstate Brief Battery, has proven helpful in efficiently identifying harbingers of dementia. This study provides a side-by-side comparison of traditional Cogstate outcomes and diffusion modeling of these outcomes in predicting MCI diagnosis. Participants included 257 older adults (160 = normal cognition; 97 = MCI). Results showed that both traditional Cogstate and diffusion modeling analyses predicted MCI diagnosis with acceptable accuracy. Cogstate measures of recognition learning and working memory accuracy and diffusion modeling variable of decision-making efficiency (drift rate) and nondecisional time were most predictive of MCI. While participants with normal cognition demonstrated a change in response caution (boundary separation) when transitioning tasks, participants with MCI did not evidence this change.

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