scholarly journals Occasion Setting, Anxiety, and Their Computation in Human Fear Conditioning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Damir Zbozinek ◽  
Toby Wise ◽  
Song Qi ◽  
Omar David Perez ◽  
Michael Fanselow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Ambiguous Stimulus ◽  
Occasion Setting ◽  
Excellent Model ◽  
Stimulus Ambiguity

Contexts and discrete stimuli often influence the association between a stimulus and outcome. This phenomenon, called occasion setting, is central to the development and modulation of fear. We conducted a human fear conditioning study of Pavlovian occasion setting using traditional methodology and investigated the effects of trait anxiety on fear. We predicted that if occasion setting is based on modulating danger/safety of an ambiguous stimulus, then trait anxiety should be associated with greater fear of ambiguous occasion-setting-based stimuli. We additionally present a novel computational model predicting occasion setting, which calculates occasion setting based on prediction error and quantifying learned stimulus ambiguity. Results show that participants were able to successfully learn which stimuli predicted danger and safety across all stimuli. Additionally, individuals high in trait anxiety generally showed increases in fear in occasion setting conditions. Furthermore, our computational model showed excellent model fit. These results are highly relevant for our understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders.

Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Baumann ◽  
Miriam A. Schiele ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Peter Zwanzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

The role of personality traits in initiating and maintaining addictive behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S307-S307
Author(s):  
M. Manea ◽  
B. Savu
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Addictive Disorder ◽  
Substance Disorders ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionIt is well known that certain personality traits are more linked to drug abuse than others. Psychiatrists are more likely to emphasize the importance of impulsivity in the connection with substance disorders but in the following study we found an important percentage of patients that have a substance abuse were linked to anxiety through impulsiveness as a personality trait.ObjectivesMost youths admitted for a substance abuse are highly impulsive. Our quest was to differentiate what component of impulsivity was more frequently linked to a substance use disorder.MethodsIn the study were included 50 patients admitted in the 3rd Psychiatric Clinic, Substance Dependences Department, Cluj-Napoca. For the identification of the drug abused we used the multitest screening kit in correlation with the results from the Forensic Medicine Institute of Cluj-Napoca. Each patient completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Swedish Universities Scales of Personality.ResultsHigh scores on BIS-11 strongly correlated with attentional impulsiveness (Pearson's r correlation = .838) which means high inattention and cognitive instability this being linked with anxiety disorders. Cognitive Instability was correlated with Psychic Trait Anxiety (r = 0.29) and Motor Impulsiveness with Somatic Trait Anxiety (r = 0.3). Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE.ConclusionsThe underrecognized anxiety disorders in young adults whom are admitted for an addictive disorder prefrontal cortex is known to be the source of both impulsivity and could be linked to anxiety as well (valence asymmetry hypothesis). Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Palkar ◽  
Eric Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Nmda Antagonists ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels ◽  
New Learning

In recent years, advances in the fields of neuroimaging and experimental psychology increased our understanding of the basic mechanisms of classical conditioning and learning, contributing to our knowledge of the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. Research has shown that the amygdala is the cornerstone of fear circuitry and that abnormalities in amygdala pathways can affect the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning. Activation of the amygdala in response to disorder-relevant stimuli has been observed in anxiety disorders. The roles of the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal gray, and insular and medial prefrontal cortices in response to fear have been identified as well. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and some neurosteroids play an important part in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. Neuropeptides such as oxytocin, neuropeptide Y, galanin, and cholecystokinin have been shown to modulate stress response. Drugs such as N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists and blockers of voltage-gated calcium channels in the amygdala are anxiolytic. Fear extinction, which entails new learning of fear inhibition, is the mechanism of effective antianxiety treatments such as d-cycloserine, a partial NMDA agonist. Extinction is thought to occur by the medial prefrontal cortex, which inhibits the lateral amygdala under hippocampal modulation. Harnessing extinction to delink neutral stimuli from aversive responses is an important goal of the psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders. Discovery of the role of microRNAs in the etiology of anxiety disorders and their possible utility as targets to treat these disorders is fascinating. In this review, we discuss the neurobiology of anxiety disorders, which will help us better manage them clinically. This review contains 5 figures, 6 tables, and 39 references. Key words: Amygdala, anxiety disorders, neurobiology, fear conditioning, neurocircuitry, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurosteroids, endogenous opioids.

No effect of trait anxiety on differential fear conditioning or fear generalization

2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Torrents-Rodas ◽  
Miquel A. Fullana ◽  
Albert Bonillo ◽  
Xavier Caseras ◽  
Oscar Andión ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Fear Generalization

scholarly journals A VTA GABAergic computational model of dissociated reward prediction error computation in classical conditioning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Kaushik ◽  
Jérémie Naudé ◽  
Surampudi Bapi Raju ◽  
Frédéric Alexandre
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
System Level ◽  
Reward Prediction Error ◽  
Twin Peaks ◽  
Reward Prediction ◽  
Error Computation

AbstractClassical Conditioning is a fundamental learning mechanism where the Ventral Striatum is generally thought to be the source of inhibition to Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) Dopamine neurons when a reward is expected. However, recent evidences point to a new candidate in VTA GABA encoding expectation for computing the reward prediction error in the VTA. In this system-level computational model, the VTA GABA signal is hypothesised to be a combination of magnitude and timing computed in the Peduncolopontine and Ventral Striatum respectively. This dissociation enables the model to explain recent results wherein Ventral Striatum lesions affected the temporal expectation of the reward but the magnitude of the reward was intact. This model also exhibits other features in classical conditioning namely, progressively decreasing firing for early rewards closer to the actual reward, twin peaks of VTA dopamine during training and cancellation of US dopamine after training.

Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1391-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shmuel Lissek ◽  
Alice S. Powers ◽  
Erin B. McClure ◽  
Elizabeth A. Phelps ◽  
Girma Woldehawariat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Meta Analysis

Quantifying Randomness Versus Consensus in Wine Quality Ratings

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Cao
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Direct Measure ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Excellent Model ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Jel Classifications ◽  
Direct Quantification

AbstractThere has been ongoing interest in studying wine judges' performance in evaluating wines. Most of the studies have reached a similar conclusion: a significant lack of consensus exists in wine quality ratings. However, a few studies, to the author's knowledge, have provided direct quantification of how much consensus (as opposed to randomness) exists in wine ratings. In this paper, a permutation-based mixed model is proposed to quantify randomness versus consensus in wine ratings. Specifically, wine ratings under the condition of randomness are generated with a permutation method, and wine ratings under the condition of consensus can be produced by sorting the ratings for each judge. Then the observed wine ratings are modeled as a mixture of ratings under randomness and ratings under consensus. This study shows that the model can provide excellent model fit, which indicates that wine ratings, indeed, consist of a mixture of randomness and consensus. A direct measure is easily computed to quantify randomness versus consensus in wine ratings. The method is demonstrated with data analysis from a major wine competition and a simulation study. (JEL Classifications: C10, C13, C15)

Specific Phobia: A Disorder of Fear Conditioning and Extinction

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Stein ◽  
Hisato Matsunaga
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
New Approaches

ABSTRACTSpecific phobia is the most prevalent of the anxiety disorders. Although there have been relatively few studies of its psychobiology and pharmacotherapy, there is a rich laboratory of literature on fear conditioning and extinction and a clear evolutionary perspective. Advances in the cognitive-affective neuroscience of fear processing may ultimately lead to new approaches to the clinical management of phobias.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document