scholarly journals Is there anything good about atheists? Exploring positive and negative stereotypes of the religious and nonreligious

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan W Moon ◽  
Jaimie Krems ◽  
Adam B. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Conjunction Fallacy ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
The Us

Negative stereotypes about atheists are widespread, robust, rooted in distrust, and linked to discrimination. Here, we examine whether social perceivers in the US might additionally hold any positive stereotypes about atheists (and corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious). Experiments 1 (N = 401) and 2 (N = 398, preregistered) used methods of intuitive stereotypes (the conjunction fallacy). People tended to stereotype atheists as fun, open-minded, and scientific—even as they harbor extreme intuitive anti-atheist prejudice in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 (N = 382) used a quasi-behavioral partner-choice paradigm, finding that most people choose atheist (versus religious) partners in stereotype-relevant domains. Overall, results suggest that people simultaneously possess negative and also positive stereotypes about atheists, but that corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious may be even stronger. These effects are robust among the nonreligious and somewhat religious, but evidence is mixed about whether the highly religious harbor these positive stereotypes.

scholarly journals Is There Anything Good About Atheists? Exploring Positive and Negative Stereotypes of the Religious and Nonreligious

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062098270
Author(s):  
Jordan W. Moon ◽  
Jaimie Arona Krems ◽  
Adam B. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conjunction Fallacy ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Negative Stereotypes

Negative stereotypes about atheists are widespread, robust, rooted in distrust, and linked to discrimination. Here, we examine whether social perceivers in the United States might additionally hold any positive stereotypes about atheists (and corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious). Experiments 1 ( N = 401) and 2 ( N = 398, preregistered) used methods of intuitive stereotypes (the conjunction fallacy). People tended to stereotype atheists as fun, open-minded, and scientific—even as they harbor extreme intuitive anti-atheist prejudice in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 ( N = 382) used a quasi-behavioral partner-choice paradigm, finding that most people choose atheist (vs. religious) partners in stereotype-relevant domains. Overall, results suggest that people simultaneously possess negative and also positive stereotypes about atheists, but that corresponding negative stereotypes of the religious may be even stronger. These effects are robust among the nonreligious and somewhat religious, but evidence is mixed about whether the highly religious harbor these positive stereotypes.

I may be Latino/a but I am a citizen: Distancing from a stigmatized identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Mendoza Lepe ◽  
Meg Aum Warren ◽  
William Crano
Keyword(s):  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Citizenship Status ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
The Us ◽  
Unknown Status ◽  
Stigmatized Identity

Discrimination is often perceived as stemming from outgroups. Yet, intragroup hostilities between Latinx in the US might occur if disassociation from a stigmatized sub-group may serve to protect one’s status. This paper tests potential disassociation effects by examining whether US Latinx distance themselves from an associated stigmatized identity by supporting adverse policies regarding Latinx immigrants. Two studies (n=273 and n=8634) found that citizenship status was linked to support for adverse policies: more US-born Latinx considered immigrants a burden than Latinx of unknown status or non-citizens. Some Latinx citizens might cut off reflected failure associated with being an immigrant, because distancing might support coping with cultural demands of US residence and distancing from recent immigrants might prevent transference of negative stereotypes.

Vietnamese in Poland: How does ethnicity affect immigrant entrepreneurship?

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Andrejuk
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Communist Country ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Group Solidarity ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vietnamese Population

The article examines the business activities of Vietnamese immigrants in Poland. Against the backdrop of a highly differentiated Vietnamese population in Poland, this study found that the ethnicity of immigrants can serve as a resource (especially as a source of values, such as diligence and intra-group solidarity) and as a strategy for promoting success in business activities. However, negative stereotypes and state policies toward immigrant self-employment can limit the market access of certain groups. Findings from the study demonstrate that ethnic entrepreneurship in a post-communist country may be subject to the same processes as in other European states and the US.

Stereotypes about scientists over time among US adults: 1983 and 2001

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Carol Losh
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
National Science Foundation ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Science Career ◽  
Images Of Scientists ◽  
The Us ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
Educational Variables ◽  
Representative Samples

Prior research demonstrates that students and some teachers often depict scientists as socially inept workaholic males; however, scholars rarely examine representative samples of adults. How the US general public stereotypes scientists may influence accepting science expertise because its practitioners can appear so eccentric. By expressing negative stereotypes, “typical adults” also can discourage youthful interests in science. This study analyzes general public interview data using identical questions from the 1983 and 2001 National Science Foundation Surveys of Public Understanding of Science and Technology, probability samples of 3219 adults. Despite many positive changes over nearly 20 years, and strong approval of a child’s potential science career, sizable minorities of adults continued to negatively stereotype scientists. Women were more positive than men but had considered a science career less often. Images of scientists also were affected by age, educational variables, parental status, and a religiosity measure.

scholarly journals Motivations to reciprocate cooperation and punish defection are calibrated by estimates of how easily others can switch partners

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakura Arai ◽  
John Tooby ◽  
Leda Cosmides
Keyword(s):  
Social Ecology ◽  
Prior Probability ◽  
Social World ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
The Us ◽  
Continuous Measures ◽  
A Current

Evolutionary models of dyadic cooperation demonstrate that selection favors different strategies for reciprocity depending on opportunities to choose alternative partners. We propose that selection has favored mechanisms that estimate the extent to which others can switch partners and calibrate motivations to reciprocate and punish accordingly. These estimates should reflect default assumptions about relational mobility: the probability that individuals in one’s social world will have the opportunity to form relationships with new partners. This prior probability can be updated by cues present in the immediate situation one is facing. The resulting estimate of a partner’s outside options should serve as input to motivational systems regulating reciprocity: Higher estimates should down-regulate the use of sanctions to prevent defection by a current partner, and up-regulate efforts to attract better cooperative partners by curating one’s own reputation and monitoring that of others. We tested this hypothesis using a Trust Game with Punishment (TGP), which provides continuous measures of reciprocity, defection, and punishment in response to defection. We measured each participant’s perception of relational mobility in their real-world social ecology and experimentally varied a cue to partner switching. Moreover, the study was conducted in the US (n = 519) and Japan (n = 520): societies that are high versus low in relational mobility. Across conditions and societies, higher perceptions of relational mobility were associated with increased reciprocity and decreased punishment: i.e., those who thought that others have many opportunities to find new partners reciprocated more and punished less. The situational cue to partner switching was detected, but relational mobility in one’s real social world regulated motivations to reciprocate and punish, even in the experimental setting. The current research provides evidence that motivational systems are designed to estimate varying degrees of partner choice in one’s social ecology and regulate reciprocal behaviors accordingly.

scholarly journals Ageism Predicts Prioritizing COVID-19 Vaccines for Older Adults and LTC Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 602-602
Author(s):  
Carly Pullen ◽  
Jenessa Steele ◽  
Julie Hicks Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Priority Group ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Perceptions Of Aging ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Ageism and ageistic stereotypes regarding older adults have become widespread and influence many policies and practices. Benevolent ageism includes attitudes or behaviors that appear overtly positive but are actually patronizing (Cary et al., 2017). Hostile ageism, usually expressed through negative stereotypes, highlights older adults' poor physical and mental functioning (Cary et al., 2017). The aim of the current study was to examine the role of benevolent and hostile ageism on perceptions of vaccination priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of a larger longitudinal study on perceptions of aging, measures of benevolent and hostile ageism were collected in January 2020, before the pandemic began in the US. In March 2021, the same participants were asked to identify top vaccine priorities by ranking groups (e.g., adults 65 and older, school teachers, etc.). Participants who put older adults in the lowest priority group expressed more benevolent ageism before the pandemic than those who put older adults in the top priority group, F(2, 88) = 3.93, p < .05. Participants who put older adults in the lowest priority group expressed more hostile ageism prior to the pandemic, compared to those who put older adults in the top priority group, F(2, 88) = -3.34, p < .05. Similar to Vale and colleague (2020) findings, our results suggest that ageism influences people's ideas about triage for the vaccine. Notably, neither form of ageism related to prioritization for other high-risk groups, including members of racial/ethnic minority groups or health care workers.

Effective for Whom? Ethnic Identity and Nonviolent Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
DEVORAH MANEKIN ◽  
TAMAR MITTS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Nonviolent Resistance ◽  
The Us ◽  
Minority Ethnic

A growing literature finds that nonviolence is more successful than violence in effecting political change. We suggest that a focus on this association is incomplete, because it obscures the crucial influence of ethnic identity on campaign outcomes. We argue that because of prevalent negative stereotypes associating minority ethnic groups with violence, such groups are perceived as more violent even when resisting nonviolently, increasing support for their repression and ultimately hampering campaign success. We show that, cross-nationally, the effect of nonviolence on outcomes is significantly moderated by ethnicity, with nonviolence increasing success only for dominant groups. We then test our argument using two experiments in the United States and Israel. Study 1 finds that nonviolent resistance by ethnic minorities is perceived as more violent and requiring more policing than identical resistance by majorities. Study 2 replicates and extends the results, leveraging the wave of racial justice protests across the US in June 2020 to find that white participants are perceived as less violent than Black participants when protesting for the same goals. These findings highlight the importance of ethnic identity in shaping campaign perceptions and outcomes, underscoring the obstacles that widespread biases pose to nonviolent mobilization.

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

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