scholarly journals Stage 1 Registered Report: Metacognitive asymmetries in visual perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matan Mazor ◽  
Rani Moran ◽  
Stephen M Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Default Reasoning ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Default State ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Object Feature ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Different Levels

People have better metacognitive sensitivity for decisions about the presence compared to the absence of objects. However, it is not only objects themselves that can be present or absent, but also parts of objects and other visual features. Asymmetries in visual search indicate that a disadvantage for representing absence may operate at these levels as well. Furthermore, a processing advantage for surprising signals suggests that a presence/absence asymmetry may be explained by absence being passively represented as a default state, and presence as a default-violating surprise. It is unknown whether metacognitive asymmetry for judgements about presence and absence extend to these different levels of representation (object, feature, and default-violation). To address this question and test for a link between the representation of absence and default reasoning more generally, here we measure metacognitive sensitivity for discrimination judgments between stimuli that are identical except for the presence or absence of a distinguishing feature, and for stimuli that differ in their compliance with an expected default state.

scholarly journals Metacognitive asymmetries in visual perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matan Mazor ◽  
Rani Moran ◽  
Stephen M Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Default Reasoning ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Default State ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Object Feature ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract People have better metacognitive sensitivity for decisions about the presence compared to the absence of objects. However, it is not only objects themselves that can be present or absent, but also parts of objects and other visual features. Asymmetries in visual search indicate that a disadvantage for representing absence may operate at these levels as well. Furthermore, a processing advantage for surprising signals suggests that a presence/absence asymmetry may be explained by absence being passively represented as a default state, and presence as a default-violating surprise. It is unknown whether the metacognitive asymmetry for judgments about presence and absence extends to these different levels of representation (object, feature, and default violation). To address this question and test for a link between the representation of absence and default reasoning more generally, here we measure metacognitive sensitivity for discrimination judgments between stimuli that are identical except for the presence or absence of a distinguishing feature, and for stimuli that differ in their compliance with an expected default state.

scholarly journals Olfaction spontaneously highlights visual saliency map

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1768) ◽  
pp. 20131729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kepu Chen ◽  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Shan Chen ◽  
Sheng He ◽  
Wen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Saliency ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Object Feature ◽  
Visual Domain

Attention is intrinsic to our perceptual representations of sensory inputs. Best characterized in the visual domain, it is typically depicted as a spotlight moving over a saliency map that topographically encodes strengths of visual features and feedback modulations over the visual scene. By introducing smells to two well-established attentional paradigms, the dot-probe and the visual-search paradigms, we find that a smell reflexively directs attention to the congruent visual image and facilitates visual search of that image without the mediation of visual imagery. Furthermore, such effect is independent of, and can override, top-down bias. We thus propose that smell quality acts as an object feature whose presence enhances the perceptual saliency of that object, thereby guiding the spotlight of visual attention. Our discoveries provide robust empirical evidence for a multimodal saliency map that weighs not only visual but also olfactory inputs.

Visual Recognition as Controlled Search of Complicated Fragments

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 89-89
Author(s):  
V M Krol
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Parallel Analysis ◽  
Parallel Search ◽  
Geometric Figures ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
Different Levels

We tested the hypothesis that object recognition is an active search of complicated fragments in the visual image. This search is performed in accordance with criteria based on invariant descriptions of an object's perceptual class. The basic strategy is to activate these descriptions during parallel search. ‘Upper’ segments search for appropriate fragments of the picture. ‘Subordinate’ segments are included by request of the ‘upper’ segments. Description segments include three types of records: integral (whole) characteristics of some fragment; characteristics of fragments which are members of this fragment; and characteristics of relations between the fragments. This structure of perceptual description permits parallel analysis of the visual scene by different segments by the ‘autonomy’ principle and permits the use of incomplete sets of segments for recognition by the ‘quorum’ principle. Different ways of forming connections between segment records may be considered as ‘thinking’ components of visual perception. The main points of our model follow from results of our tachistoscopic experiments. We measured thresholds for the recognition of test figures. Different levels of figure complexity were used: parallel lines and strips, geometric figures, schematic faces, textures, etc. It was found that the stages of the recognition process are connected with types of operations described in our model. These results give rise to the possibility that the properties of the neurons involved in visual search might be identified.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Protein Concentration and Limiting Amino Acids Including Lysine and Met + Cys in Prestarter Diet on Performance of Broilers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Farkhoy ◽  
Mehrdad Modirsanei ◽  
Omid Ghavidel ◽  
Majid Sadegh ◽  
Sadegh Jafarnejad
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Different Levels

Four experiments were conducted, in two stages, to evaluate protein and limiting amino acids' (lysine and methionine + cystine) levels in pre-starter diets on broilers’ performance. In each experiment of Stage 1, 640 new-born male Ross 308 cockerels were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In experiment 1-1, two levels of crude protein (CP: 21% and 23.2%) and four levels of Lys (1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5%) and in experiment 1-2, two levels of CP (21 and 23.2%) and four levels of Met + Cys (0.85, 0.90, 0.95, and 1.00%) were used. In Stage 2, the optimum levels of Lys and Met + Cys obtained from Stage 1 (1.3 and 1.5% Lys, 0.90 and 1.00% Met + Cys in experiment 1-1 and 1-2, resp.) with two levels of CP (21 and 23.2%) were used in two separate simultaneous experiments with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for male and female birds. The levels of CP significantly influenced BWG and FCR in experiment 1-1. Dietary levels of Lys affect BWG (experiment 1-1) and FI (experiments 1-1 and 2-1) significantly. In experiments 1-2 and 2-2, the different levels of Met + Cys did not affect BWG, FI, and FCR of male or female broilers. The results of these experiments indicated that the optimal level of dietary protein and Lys were 23.2% and 1.5%, respectively. Diets with 1% Met + Cys caused optimal performance.

scholarly journals Effect of gellan and calcium chloride on properties of surimi gel with low and high setting phenomena

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (83) ◽  
pp. 52423-52434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanyamon Petcharat ◽  
Soottawat Benjakul
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Surimi Gel ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Bigeye Snapper

The properties of bigeye snapper surimi gel as affected by gellan at different levels (2–6% based on solid content of surimi) in combination with CaCl2at various concentrations (25–75 mmol kg−1) in the presence and absence of transglutaminase were examined.

scholarly journals Simple action alters attention towards visual features

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixuan Wang ◽  
Blaire J. Weidler ◽  
Pei Sun ◽  
Richard A. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Prime Stimulus ◽  
Action Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Simple Action ◽  
Prior Action

AbstractRecent studies have revealed anaction effect, in which a simple action towards a prime stimulus biases attention in a subsequent visual search in favor of objects that match the prime. However, to date the majority of research on the phenomenon has studied search elements that are exact matches to the prime, and that vary only on the dimension of color, making it unclear how general the phenomenon is. Here, across a series of experiments, we show that action can also prioritize objects that match the shape of the prime. Additionally, action can prioritize attention to objects that match only one of either the color or the shape of the prime, suggesting that action enhances individual visual features present in the acted-on objects. The pattern of results suggests that the effect may be stronger for color matches – prioritization for shape only occurred when attention was not drawn to the color of the prime, whereas prioritization for color occurred regardless. Taken together, the results reveal that a prior action can exert a strong influence on subsequent attention towards features of the acted-on object.

Interference in Visual Perception by Verbal and Spatial Cognitive Activity

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 556-568
Author(s):  
Elisa Pérez-Moreno ◽  
Ángela Conchillo ◽  
Miguel Ángel Recarte
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Verbal Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Imagery Task ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Spatial Imagery

In two experiments we tested the hypothesis that cognitive processing based on spatial imagery produces more deterioration of visual perception than cognitive processing based on verbal codes. So, we studied the effect on visual perception of two cognitive tasks, one of spatial imagery and the other a verbal task. In the first one, with 30 participants, we analyzed the mental load and ocular behaviors in both cognitive tasks. In the second experiment, with 29 participants, we studied the effect of both tasks on a visual search task, using a dual-task experimental paradigm. The verbal task presented higher mental load than the imagery task when both tasks were carried out with visual search task, and there was more deterioration in stimulus detection with the verbal task. We can conclude that: (1) cognitive tasks produce important deterioration in the capacities of visual search and identification of stimuli; (2) this deterioration has two components: (a) an inefficient search, associated with alterations of the gaze patterns while performing cognitive tasks, and (b) a general interference, nonspecific to spatial codes, in the process of identification of looked-at stimuli; (3) this cognitive interference is related to the mental load or effort required by the cognitive task.

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