scholarly journals Evidential strength of intonational cues and rational adaptation to (un-)reliable intonation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Benjamin Roettger ◽  
Michael Franke
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Pitch Accent ◽  
Cue Integration ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Production Behavior ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Function

Intonation plays an integral role in comprehending spoken language. It is also remarkably variable, often exhibiting only probabilistic mappings between form and function. Despite this apparent uncertainty, listeners can rapidly integrate intonational information to predictively map a given pitch accent onto the speaker's likely referential intentions. We use manual response dynamics (mouse-tracking) to investigate two questions: (i) whether listeners draw predictive inferences from the presence and absence of an intonational marking and (ii) whether and how listeners adapt their online interpretation of intonational cues when these are reliable or stochastically unreliable. We formulate a novel Bayesian model of rational predictive cue integration and explore predictions derived under a concrete link hypothesis relating a quantitative notion of evidential strength of a cue to the moment in time, relative to the unfolding speech signal, at which mouse trajectories finally turn towards the eventually selected option. In order to capture rational belief updates after concrete observations of a speaker's behavior, we formulate and explore an extension of this model that includes the listener's hierarchical beliefs about the speaker's likely production behavior. Our results are compatible with the assumption that listeners rapidly and rationally integrate all available intonational information, that they expect reliable intonational information initially, and that they adapt these initial expectations gradually during exposition to unreliable input.

scholarly journals Phatic Marker in Bengkulu Malay Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eli Rustinar ◽  
Wahya Wahya ◽  
Cece Sobarna
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Particle Form ◽  
Distributional Method ◽  
And Function

The current study aims to describe the form and function of a phatic marker in Bengkulu Malay. The data were taken from the spoken language of Bengkulu Malay language, which consists of phatic utterances. The data were collected using the observational and conversational method.  The analysis was done using contextual analysis, distributional method, and pragmatic identity method. The result shows there are two forms of phatic in Bengkulu Malay, they are particle form, including nah ‘nah’, yak ‘yah’, ay ‘ai’, way ‘wai’, awu ‘ya’, woy ‘woi’, wey ‘wei’, hoy ‘hoi’, and clitic form, including -lah and ‘lah’. 

Wounds in Patients with Cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Clemens ◽  
Brian J. Blumenauer ◽  
Ashleigh M. Francis ◽  
Jonathon B. Olenczak ◽  
Jesse C. Selber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Donor Site Morbidity ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Wound Complications ◽  
Tissue Quality ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
And Function

Reconstructive surgery plays an integral role in helping restore form and function in patients with complex oncologic wounds. The intricate process of wound healing can be adversely affected by exposure to chemotherapeutic and radiation therapies. Assessment of available donor tissue quality, previous radiation therapy, vascular status, and donor site morbidity are essential when determining the most appropriate reconstructive approach for definitive wound management. The timing of reconstruction in relation to chemotherapy or radiotherapy regimens influences wound healing. Additionally, the timing of reconstruction is important in order to avoid delaying additional adjuvant therapies. Optimizing nutritional status is critical for improved patient outcomes in the oncologic patient population. At times, palliative efforts by means of surgical debulking are required of a reconstructive surgeon as advanced cancers can leave patients with disfiguring, fungating masses. This review contains 9 figures, and 44 references. Keywords: wounds in cancer, wounds in the cancer patient, oncologic wounds, oncologic wound healing, oncologic wound management, wound complications, effect of chemotherapy on wound healing, effect of radiation therapy on wound healing, oncologic reconstruction

Fundamentals of Wound Healing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L. Stallworth
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Soft Tissue Injury ◽  
The Road ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Management Of Complications ◽  
Facial Plastic ◽  
Execution Management ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Function

AbstractAt the moment of soft tissue injury, an immediate wound healing ballet commences. This coordinated cascade of events works over minutes, hours, weeks, and months to restore tissue integrity and viability in an attempt to rebuild the site to its preinjured state. A thorough understanding of these processes, and options to navigate forks in the road, can help guide patient selection, surgical planning and execution, management of complications, and ultimately the restoration of tissue form and function for optimal outcomes. An exhaustive account of tissue healing mechanics is beyond the scope of this writing. However, a summation of much that is known of these processes and the directions research and therapeutic developments are currently aimed will help the facial plastic surgeon prevent or minimize debilitating functional and cosmetic consequences in the head and neck.

Multimodale Listen. Form und Funktion körperlicher Ressourcen in Aufzählungen in französischen, spanischen und italienischen Interaktionen

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-104
Author(s):  
Philipp Dankel ◽  
Ignacio Satti
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Interactional Linguistics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Cross Lingual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Do So

Abstract This article focuses on the practice of listing in Talk-in-Interaction. Lists are frequently used in spoken language as a discursive resource and can be considered as a universal, cross-lingual practice for structuring ideas. As such, they have been given attention in several fields of linguistics, mainly in intonation research, conversation analysis and interactional linguistics. However, the role of gestures and other physical forms of expression in listing has been mostly disregarded so far. For this reason, we attempt to cast light on the form and function of gestures and other bodily resources that are embedded in this practice. We argue that lists are multimodal and that bodily resources play a major role in establishing the format and in organizing the interaction. In order to do so, we use a broad collection of examples from different sources in French, Italian and Spanish.

Nasr’s development as a writer in his second language

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietta Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
School Year ◽  
Pause Length ◽  
Most Significant Change ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

Abstract During the first 6 months of the school year of 1985, at Brunswick Language Centre, I observed Nasr as he was learning to write in his second language. The most significant change which occurred is that Nasr gained an appreciation of the way in which English written anguage is different from spoken language. That is, rather than merely recording his spoken language, Nasr became a writer in English. The changes manifested themselves not only in the product, namely the texts themselves, but also in the processes by which they were produced. These processes can be both directly observed, as recorded on videotape or in the observational diary, which was kept once weekly, or inferred from the product. The major ways in which the last piece is more “developed” is that Nasr has chosen a more “advanced” genre, and the piece conforms more strictly to one genre, rather than also containing elements of other genres. Nevertheless, the earlier pieces mark important, transitional stages and I have therefore chosen to call these intermediate forms “intertext”. Nasr gains mastery over linking mechanisms more characteristic of written than of spoken language he moves from co-ordination to subordination, and through the use of reference and ellipsis, he gradually eliminates the various forms of redundancy. Acquisition of form and function of the past tense Is regarded as essential for the production of sustained narrative and, as such, can also be viewed as a form of cohesion. In Nasr’s case the changes in the writing behaviour include an increase in pause length and a reduction in the number of pauses, changes in the number and type of revisions made, and differences in the way in which input from the teacher is generated.

Orthographic Learning

2022 ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Espinas ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Yixun Li
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Developmental Course ◽  
And Function ◽  
Orthographic Learning

This chapter discusses orthographic learning, i.e., how children learn the relation between their spoken language and writing system. The process is discussed for children learning to read and write in one language, as well as for multilingual children acquiring literacy in more than one language. In both cases, the developmental course is mapped from children's first insights into the form and function of their writing systems to the development of word-specific mental representations that code for multiple linguistic forms (i.e., sound, spelling, and meaning). The chapter concludes with instructional recommendations for supporting children's orthographic learning throughout development.

scholarly journals The evolution of pelvic limb muscle moment arms in bird-line archosaurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. eabe2778
Author(s):  
V. R. Allen ◽  
B. M. Kilbourne ◽  
J. R. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
Musculoskeletal Models ◽  
Hip Abductor ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Function

Bipedal locomotion evolved along the archosaurian lineage to birds, shifting from “hip-based” to “knee-based” mechanisms. However, the roles of individual muscles in these changes and their evolutionary timings remain obscure. Using 13 three-dimensional musculoskeletal models of the hindlimbs of bird-line archosaurs, we quantify how the moment arms (i.e., leverages) of 35 locomotor muscles evolved. Our results support two hypotheses: From early theropod dinosaurs to birds, knee flexors’ moment arms decreased relative to knee extensors’, and medial long-axis rotator moment arms for the hip increased (trading off with decreased hip abductor moment arms). Our results reveal how, from the Triassic Period, bipedal theropod dinosaurs gradually modified their hindlimb form and function, shifting more from hip-based to knee-based locomotion and hip-abductor to hip-rotator balancing mechanisms inherited by birds. Yet, we also discover unexpected ancestral specializations in larger Jurassic theropods, lost later in the bird-line, complicating the paradigm of gradual transformation.

scholarly journals Formen und Funktionen von Interrogationen. Fragen in grammatischen Beschreibungen, empirischen Befunden und Lehrwerken für Deutsch als Fremdsprache

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Rost-Roth
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Empirical Analyses

Analysis of how questions are treated in grammar books shows that the main focus is on word order phenomena. At the same time, statements are often made about functions or the rela-tionship between form and function; these are not always consistent with more systematic approaches or with empirical findings. Empirical analyses of spoken language reveal a very complex picture; comparison of the question realizations of native speakers and non-native speakers shows that the questions produced by non-native speakers are limited in various re-spects. Moreover, analysis of textbooks shows that some relationships between form and function are underrepresented.

When Written is Spoken: Dislocation and the Oral Code

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAIRI McLAUGHLIN
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Primary Motivation ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Mixed Medium ◽  
Stylistic Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Newspaper Articles

ABSTRACTThis article suggests a refinement of the link between dislocated constructions and the oral code. The research is based on an investigation of a mixed-medium corpus of contemporary French, including spoken language, journalistic prose and literary fiction. It is shown first that the form and function of dislocations vary according to the level of orality of the voice in which they are found: in particular, the intermediary nature of citations in newspaper articles is emphasised. It is then argued that the strict association of dislocation with the stylistic function of orality should be modified, since conveying orality does not always seem to be the primary motivation for dislocation.

Orthographic Learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-106
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Espinas ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Yixun Li
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Developmental Course ◽  
And Function ◽  
Orthographic Learning

This chapter discusses orthographic learning, i.e., how children learn the relation between their spoken language and writing system. The process is discussed for children learning to read and write in one language, as well as for multilingual children acquiring literacy in more than one language. In both cases, the developmental course is mapped from children's first insights into the form and function of their writing systems to the development of word-specific mental representations that code for multiple linguistic forms (i.e., sound, spelling, and meaning). The chapter concludes with instructional recommendations for supporting children's orthographic learning throughout development.

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