scholarly journals A Multi-Lab Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis by The Many Smiles Collaboration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Alvaro Coles ◽  
David Scott March ◽  
Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos ◽  
Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze ◽  
Izuchukwu Lawrence Gabriel Ndukaihe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Feedback Effect ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Strong Belief ◽  
Facial Feedback Hypothesis ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lab Test ◽  
Pilot Tests

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual’s subjective experience of emotion is influenced by their facial expressions. Researchers, however, currently face conflicting narratives about whether this hypothesis is valid. A large replication effort consistently failed to replicate a seminal demonstration of the facial feedback hypothesis, but meta-analysis suggests the effect is real. To address this uncertainty, a large team of researchers—some advocates of the facial feedback hypothesis, some critics, and some without strong belief—collaborated to specify the best ways to test this hypothesis. Two pilot tests suggested that smiling could both magnify ongoing feelings of happiness and initiate feelings of happiness in otherwise non-emotional scenarios. Next, multiple research sites will perform more extensive tests to examine whether there is a replicable facial feedback effect.

A Meta-Analysis of the Facial Feedback Literature: Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotional Experience Are Small and Variable

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Alvaro Coles ◽  
Jeff T. Larsen ◽  
Heather Lench
Keyword(s):  
Publication Bias ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Facial Feedback Hypothesis ◽  
Variance Estimates

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual’s experience of emotion is influenced by feedback from their facial movements. To evaluate the cumulative evidence for this hypothesis, we conducted a meta-analysis on 286 effect sizes derived from 138 studies that manipulated facial feedback and collected emotion self-reports. Using random effects meta-regression with robust variance estimates, we found that the overall effect of facial feedback was significant, but small. Results also indicated that feedback effects are stronger in some circumstances than others. We examined 12 potential moderators, and three were associated with differences in effect sizes. 1. Type of emotional outcome: Facial feedback influenced emotional experience (e.g., reported amusement) and, to a greater degree, affective judgments of a stimulus (e.g., the objective funniness of a cartoon). Three publication bias detection methods did not reveal evidence of publication bias in studies examining the effects of facial feedback on emotional experience, but all three methods revealed evidence of publication bias in studies examining affective judgments. 2. Presence of emotional stimuli: Facial feedback effects on emotional experience were larger in the absence of emotionally evocative stimuli (e.g., cartoons). 3. Type of stimuli: When participants were presented with emotionally evocative stimuli, facial feedback effects were larger in the presence of some types of stimuli (e.g., emotional sentences) than others (e.g., pictures). The available evidence supports the facial feedback hypothesis’ central claim that facial feedback influences emotional experience, although these effects tend to be small and heterogeneous.

scholarly journals Demand characteristics moderate, but do not fully account for, the effects of facial feedback on emotional experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Alvaro Coles ◽  
Lowell Gaertner ◽  
Brooke Frohlich ◽  
Jeff T. Larsen ◽  
Dana Basnight-Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
University Students ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
The United States ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual’s facial expressions can influence their emotional experience (e.g., that smiling can make one feel happier). However, a reoccurring concern is that demand characteristics drive this effect. Across three experiments (n = 250, 192, 131), university students in the United States and Kenya posed happy, angry, and neutral expressions and self-reported their emotions following a demand characteristics manipulation. To manipulate demand characteristics we either (a) told participants we hypothesized their poses would influence their emotions, (b) told participants we hypothesized their poses would not influence their emotions, or (c) did not tell participants a hypothesis. Results indicated that demand characteristics moderated the effects of facial poses on self-reported emotion. However, facial poses still influenced self-reported emotion when participants were told we hypothesized their poses would not influence emotion. These results indicate that facial feedback effects are not solely an artifact of demand characteristics.

scholarly journals Smiling By Way of Zygomatic Electrical Stimulation: Investigating the Facial Feedback Hypothesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Laura Warren
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Muscle Region ◽  
Facial Feedback Hypothesis

While it is widely accepted that affective states precede facial expressions, the facial feedback hypothesis (FFH) proposes the inverse. The FFH postulates that facial muscle region activity (e.g., smiling or frowning) directly influences the experience of emotion. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the validity of the FFH - specifically whether smiling independently enhances positive mood.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dental Implant Length on Failure Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3972
Author(s):  
Maha Abdel-Halim ◽  
Dalia Issa ◽  
Bruno Ramos Chrcanovic
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Implant Failure ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Short Implants ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Implant Length

The present review aimed to evaluate the impact of implant length on failure rates between short (<10 mm) and long (≥10 mm) dental implants. An electronic search was undertaken in three databases, as well as a manual search of journals. Implant failure was the outcome evaluated. Meta-analysis was performed in addition to a meta-regression in order to verify how the risk ratio (RR) was associated with the follow-up time. The review included 353 publications. Altogether, there were 25,490 short and 159,435 long implants. Pairwise meta-analysis showed that short implants had a higher failure risk than long implants (RR 2.437, p < 0.001). There was a decrease in the probability of implant failure with longer implants when implants of different length groups were compared. A sensitivity analysis, which plotted together only studies with follow-up times of 7 years or less, resulted in an estimated increase of 0.6 in RR for every additional month of follow-up. In conclusion, short implants showed a 2.5 times higher risk of failure than long implants. Implant failure is multifactorial, and the implant length is only one of the many factors contributing to the loss of an implant. A good treatment plan and the patient’s general health should be taken into account when planning for an implant treatment.

Assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 461-472
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Many

Assessment is one of the most complex nursing activities. It involves interpersonal and communication skills and decision-making skills. The purpose of assessment can be related to the diagnosis of specific conditions; however, assessment is often focused on the assessment of needs or health-related goals. The context and timing of assessment are important. Assessment as a process involves both non-verbal observation and verbal exchange of information, or conversation. Holistic needs assessment and care planning are an important aspect of care, particularly as patients rebuild their lives after treatment. In assessment, it is necessary to achieve a balance between objective evaluation of the patient’s problems and their subjective experience of illness or symptoms. Among the many assessment tools available, Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) measure outcomes of treatment or care, as they are reported by the patients themselves, and may assess health needs, monitor patient progress, or evaluate services. Quality of life (QoL) is a key element of assessment. It is a complex, multifactoral concept in the context of cancer and involves the individual’s appraisal of their position in life, relative to their expectations. It includes physical (symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and side effects of treatment), functional (activities of living, including eating, sleeping, and washing), emotional (positive and negative emotional reactions to cancer), social (social support, family relationships, and sexuality), and spiritual (sense of meaning and purpose in life, faith) well-being.

Facial Feedback Effects on Impression Formation

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1251-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Ohira ◽  
Kiyomi Kurono
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Facial Feedback ◽  
Negative Facial Expression

Two experiments were conducted to examine effects of facial expressions upon social cognitive processes in which the impression of another person is formed. In each experiment, 30 female college students were induced to display or conceal their facial reactions to a hypothetical target person whose behaviors were mildly hostile (Exp. 1) or mildly friendly (Exp. 2), or their facial expressions were not manipulated. Displaying the facial expressions shifted the impression into the congruent directions with hedonic values corresponding to the facial expressions. Concealing the facial expressions, however, did not influence impression formation. Also, the positive-negative asymmetry was observed in the facial feedback effects, that is, the negative facial expression had a stronger effect on social cognition than the positive one.

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