scholarly journals Intuitive Archeology: Detecting social transmission in the design of artifacts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adena Schachner ◽  
Timothy F. Brady ◽  
Kiani Oro ◽  
Michelle Lee
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
The People ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Train Tracks

Human-made objects (artifacts) often provide rich social information about the people who created them. We explore how people reason about others from the objects they create, characterizing inferences about when social transmission of ideas (copying) has occurred. We test whether judgments are driven by perceptual heuristics, or structured explanation- based reasoning. We develop a Bayesian model of explanation-based inference from artifacts and a simpler model of perceptual heuristics, and ask which better predicts people’s judgments. Our artifact-building task involved two characters who built toy train tracks. Participants viewed pairs of tracks, and judged whether copying had occurred. Our explanation-based model accurately predicted on a trial-by- trial basis when participants inferred copying; the perceptual heuristics model was significantly less accurate. Efficient design ‘explained away’ similarity, making similarity weaker evidence of copying for efficient tracks. Overall, data show that like intuitive archeologists, people make rich explanation-based inferences about others from the objects they create.

scholarly journals Need for cognition and attributions in intimate relationships

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne P. LeBel
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
The People ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Attributional Complexity ◽  
The Relationship

This paper has examined the relationship between cognitive processes and relationship satisfaction and has attempted to form a chain connecting these two conceptual ideas. I explored the concept of need for cognition and described how it was related to attributional complexity. In turn, I attempted to rationalize why attributional complexity would be associated to attributions individuals make in their relationships. Then, I delved into the connection between maladaptive attributions and relationship satisfaction. Finally, I examined the role creativity may play in the attributional process individuals endorse. It is hoped that the relationships between these constructs indeed arise and that future investigations can further refine our knowledge of cognitive processes that may affect relationship satisfaction. The more we understand how people perceive and interpret the behaviours of the people around them, the more we will potentially be able to help them become better, more accurate processors of social information. Wouldn’t you want a better marriage?r

scholarly journals Integrating incomplete information with imperfect advice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Vélez ◽  
Hyowon Gweon
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Card Game

When our own knowledge is limited, we often turn to others for information. However, social learning does not guarantee accurate learning or better decisions: Other people's knowledge can be as limited as our own, and their advice is not always helpful. The current study examines how human learners put two "imperfect" heads together to make utility-maximizing decisions. Participants played a card game where they chose to "stay" with a card of known value or "switch" to an unknown card, given an advisor's advice to stay or switch. Participants used advice strategically based on which cards the advisor could see (Experiment 1), how helpful the advisor was (Experiment 2), and what strategy the advisor used to select advice (Experiment 3). Overall, participants benefited even from imperfect advice based on incomplete information. Participants' responses were consistent with a Bayesian model that jointly infers how the advisor selects advice and the value of the advisor's card, compared to an alternative model that weights advice based on the advisor's accuracy. By reasoning about others' minds, human learners can make the best of even noisy, impoverished social information.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Model of Social Influence under Risk and Uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kai Ciranka ◽  
Wouter van den Bos
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Information Use ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Subjective Uncertainty ◽  
Social Information Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Humans live in an uncertain world and often rely on social information in order to reduce uncertainty. However, the relationship between uncertainty and social information use is not yet fully understood. In this work we argue that previous studies have often neglected different degrees of uncertainty that need to be accounted for when studying social information use. We introduce a novel experimental paradigm to measure risky decision making, wherein social information and uncertainty are manipulated. We also developed a Bayesian model of social information use. We show that across different levels of uncertainty; social influence follows similar principles. Social information is more impactful when individuals are more uncertain. Notably, this relationship holds for experimental manipulations of uncertainty but also for subjective uncertainty within experimental conditions. We conclude with discussing that social influence can be better understood when paying credit to subjective uncertainties and preferences.

scholarly journals Spread of Social Information and Dynamics of Social Transmission within Drosophila Groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Battesti ◽  
Celine Moreno ◽  
Dominique Joly ◽  
Frederic Mery
Keyword(s):  
Social Information ◽  
Social Transmission

scholarly journals Detecting social transmission in the design of artifacts via inverse planning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Hurwitz ◽  
Timothy F. Brady ◽  
Adena Schachner
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Planning Model ◽  
Functional Constraints ◽  
Inverse Planning ◽  
Reasoning Process ◽  
The People ◽  
Availability Constraints ◽  
Puzzle Box ◽  
Design Ideas

How do people use human-made objects (artifacts) to learn about the people and actions that created them? We test the richness of people’s reasoning in this domain, focusing on the task of judging whether social transmission has occurred (i.e. whether one person copied another). We develop a formal model of this reasoning process as a form of rational inverse planning, which predicts that rather than solely focusing on artifacts’ similarity to judge whether copying occurred, people should also take into account availability constraints (the materials available), and functional constraints (which materials work). Using an artifact-building task where two characters build tools to solve a puzzle box, we find that this inverse planning model predicts trial-by-trial judgments, whereas simpler models that do not consider availability or functional constraints do not. This suggests people use a process like inverse planning to make flexible inferences from artifacts’ features about the source of design ideas.

scholarly journals Children use inverse planning to detect social transmission in design of artifacts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Leigh Pesowski ◽  
Alyssa Quy ◽  
Michelle Lee ◽  
Adena Schachner
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Inverse Planning ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
The People ◽  
Generative Processes ◽  
Flexible Inference

Do children use objects to infer the people and actions that created them? We ask how children judge whether designs were socially transmitted (copied), asking if children use a simple perceptual heuristic (more similar = more likely copied), or make a rational, flexible inference (Bayesian inverse planning). We found evidence that children use inverse planning to reason about artifacts’ designs: When children saw two identical designs, they did not always infer copying occurred. Instead, similarity was weaker evidence of copying when an alternative explanation ‘explained away’ the similarity. Thus, children inferred copying had occurred less often when designs were efficient (Exp1, age 7-9; N=52), and when there was a constraint that limited the number of possible designs (Exp2, age 4-5; N=160). When thinking about artifacts, young children go beyond perceptual features and use a process like inverse planning to reason about the generative processes involved in design.

scholarly journals Cingulate dependent social risk assessment in rats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Han ◽  
Rune Bruls ◽  
Rajat Mani Thomas ◽  
Vasiliki Pentaraki ◽  
Naomi Jelinek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Bayesian Model Comparison

AbstractSocial transmission of distress has been conceived of as a one-way phenomenon in which an observer catches the emotions of another. Here we use a paradigm in which an observer rat witnesses another receive electro-shocks. Bayesian model comparison and Granger causality argue against this one-way vision in favor of bidirectional information transfer: how the observer reacts to the demonstrator’s distress influences the behavior of the demonstrator. Intriguingly, this was true to a similar extent across highly familiar and entirely unfamiliar rats. Injecting muscimol in the anterior cingulate of observers reduced freezing in the observers and in the demonstrators receiving the shocks. That rats share the distress of unfamiliar strains is at odds with evolutionary thinking that empathy should be biased towards close individuals. Using simulations, we support the complementary notion that distress transmission could be selected to more efficiently detect dangers in a group.

scholarly journals Confidence Modulates the Conformity Behavior of the Investors and Neural Responses of Social Influence in Crowdfunding

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiehui Zheng ◽  
Linfeng Hu ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Qiang Shen ◽  
Lei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conformity Behavior ◽  
Related Potentials

The decision about whether to invest can be affected by the choices or opinions of others known as a form of social influence. People make decisions with fluctuating confidence, which plays an important role in the decision process. However, it remains a fair amount of confusion regarding the effect of confidence on the social influence as well as the underlying neural mechanism. The current study applied a willingness-to-invest task with the event-related potentials method to examine the behavioral and neural manifestations of social influence and its interaction with confidence in the context of crowdfunding investment. The behavioral results demonstrate that the conformity tendency of the people increased when their willingness-to-invest deviated far from the group. Besides, when the people felt less confident about their initial judgment, they were more likely to follow the herd. In conjunction with the behavioral findings, the neural results of the social information processing indicate different susceptibilities to small and big conflicts between the own willingness of the people and the group, with small conflict evoked less negative feedback-related negativity (FRN) and more positive late positive potential (LPP). Moreover, confidence only modulated the later neural processing by eliciting larger LPP in the low confidence, implying more reliance on social information. These results corroborate previous findings regarding the conformity effect and its neural mechanism in investment decision and meanwhile extend the existing works of literature through providing behavioral and neural evidence to the effect of confidence on the social influence in the crowdfunding marketplace.

scholarly journals Talking About My Generation: the Date of the West Kennet Long Barrow

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (S1) ◽  
pp. 85-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Bayliss ◽  
Alasdair Whittle ◽  
Michael Wysocki
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Statistical Framework ◽  
The People ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

Thirty-one radiocarbon results are now available from the West Kennet long barrow, and are presented within an interpretive Bayesian statistical framework. Two alternative archaeological interpretations of the sequence are given, each with a separate Bayesian model. In our preferred interpretation, the barrow is seen as a unitary construction (given the lack of dating samples from the old ground surface, ditches or constructional features themselves), with a series of deposits of human remains made in the chambers following construction. Primary deposition in the chambers is followed by further secondary deposition of some human remains, including children, and layers of earth and chalk, the latest identifiable finds in which are Beaker sherds. In the Bayesian model for this sequence, the construction of the monument at West Kennet, as dated from the primary mortuary deposits, occurred in 3670–3635 cal. bc, probably in the middle decades of the thirty-seventh century cal. bc. The last interments of this initial use of the chambers probably occurred in 3640–3610 cal. bc. The difference between these two distributions suggests that this primary mortuary activity probably continued for only 10–30 years. After a hiatus probably lasting for rather more than a century, the infilling of the chambers began in 3620–3240 cal. bc and continued into the second half of the third millennium cal. bc. In an alternative interpretation, we do not assume that all the people dated from the primary mortuary deposits were placed in the monument in a fleshed or partially articulated condition; they could therefore have died before the monument was built, although they must have died before the end of the formation of the mortuary deposit. In the Bayesian model for this interpretation, the monument appears to belong either to the thirty-seventh century cal. bc or the mid-thirty-sixth century cal. bc, and deposition again appears short-lived, but the model is unstable. Results are discussed in relation to the setting and sequence of the local region.

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