scholarly journals A systematic review of neuroimaging approaches to single-subject localization of language in the brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aahana Bajracharya ◽  
Jonathan E. Peelle
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
The Brain

Background. Task-based functional MRI has become the method of choice for researchers studying functional localization in the human brain. However, for a deeper understanding of brain function beyond group level generalizations, it is crucial to account for the reliability of brain activations in a single subject. Individual differences can influence group results in a multitude of ways and consequently lead to the mischaracterization of functional organization. Such errors can be detrimental to the accuracy of both basic research and clinical prognosis. Methodology. We performed a systematic review with the goal of understanding the state of the literature pertaining to mapping language regions using fMRI in individual participants. A thorough database search was carried out on published literature through April 2020. Results. Out of 977 papers identified through our literature search, 121 met our inclusion criteria for reporting single-subject fMRI results. Of these, 20 papers reported using single-subject level test-retest as a reliability measure. Among these papers, overlap measures such as Dice coefficient, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Euclidean Distance between peak activation or center of mass, or Receiver Operating Characteristic were used to further quantify the variability in their results. Among other categories, papers focused on comparing performance between language tasks, multimodal validation of fMRI results, technical development of protocols and clinical case studies on specific disease conditions. Conclusion. Incorporating reliability and validity measures in language mapping paradigms increases the likelihood that task-based activations in the brain are reproducible. However, very few papers reported measures of test-retest reliability. In the absence of quantified reproducibility, results from paradigms used for single-subject language mapping may need to be treated with caution. Future attempts to optimize the localization of language networks in individuals will benefit from the broader adoption of reliability metrics for different tasks and acquisition parameters.

A systematic review of neuroimaging approaches to mapping language in individuals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aahana Bajracharya ◽  
Jonathan E. Peelle
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Case Studies ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
Mapping Language

Background. Task-based functional MRI has become the method of choice for researchers studying functional localization in the human brain. However, for a deeper understanding of brain function beyond group level generalizations, it is crucial to account for the reliability of mapping in a single subject. Individual differences can influence group results in a multitude of ways and consequently lead to the mischaracterization of functional areas. Such errors can be detrimental to the accuracy of both basic research and clinical prognosis. Methodology. We performed a systematic review with the goal of understanding the state of the literature pertaining to mapping language using fMRI in individual participants. A thorough database search was carried out on published literature through September 2018. Results. Out of 473 papers identified through our literature search, 54 met our inclusion criteria for reporting single-subject fMRI results. Of these, only 11 papers reported using single-subject level reliability metrics (such as Dice coefficient, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Euclidean distance, or Receiver Operating Characteristic) in their results. Among other categories, papers focused on multimodal validation of fMRI results, comparing performance between language tasks, technical development of protocols and clinical case studies on specific disease conditions. Conclusion. Incorporating reliability and validity measures in language mapping paradigms increases the likelihood that task-based activations in the brain are reproducible. However, very few papers reported this approach. In the absence of quantified reproducibility, results from paradigms used for single-subject language mapping may need to be treated with caution.

scholarly journals Validity and Reliability of 2-Dimensional Video-Based Assessment to Analyze Foot Strike Pattern and Step Rate During Running: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Carlos Lucas de Oliveira ◽  
Anny Fredette ◽  
Sherezada Ochoa Echeverría ◽  
Charles Sebiyo Batcho ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Roy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Step Rate ◽  
Cosmin Checklist ◽  
Foot Strike

Context: Two-dimensional (2D) video-based analysis is often used by clinicians to examine the foot strike pattern (FSP) and step rate in runners. Reliability and validity of 2D video-based analysis have been questioned. Objective: To synthesize the psychometric properties of 2D video-based analysis for assessing runners’ FSP and step rate while running. Data Sources: Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, EBSCOHost/CINAHL, and Scielo were searched from their inception to August 2018. Study Selection: Studies were included if (1) they were published in English, French, Portuguese or Spanish; (2) they reported at least 1 psychometric property (validity and/or reliability) of 2D video-based analysis to assess running kinematics; and (3) they assessed FSP or step rate during running. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Data Extraction: Studies were screened for methodological (MacDermid checklist) and psychometric quality (COSMIN checklist) by 2 independent raters. Results: Eight studies, with a total of 702 participants, were included. Seven studies evaluated the reliability of 2D video to assess FSP and found very good to excellent reliability (0.41 ≤ κ ≤ 1.00). Two studies reported excellent reliability for the calculation of step rate (0.75 ≤ intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≤ 1.00). One study demonstrated excellent concurrent validity between 2D and 3D (gold standard) motion capture systems to determine FSP (Gwet agreement coefficient [AC] > 0.90; ICC > 0.90), and another study found excellent concurrent validity between 2D video and another device to calculate step rate (0.84 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.95). Conclusion: Strong evidence suggests that 2D video-based analysis is a reliable method for assessing FSP and quantifying step rate, regardless of the experience of the assessor. Limited evidence exists on the validity of 2D video-based analysis in determining FSP and calculating step rate during running.

Reliability and Validity of a Wireless Accelerometer for the Assessment of Postural Sway

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Saunders ◽  
Panagiotis Koutakis ◽  
Anne D. Kloos ◽  
Deborah A. Kegelmeyer ◽  
Jessica D. Dicke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Sway ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Discrimination Capability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Balance Task ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Clinicians are in need of valid and objective measures of postural sway. Accelerometers have been shown to be suitable alternatives to expensive and stationary force plates. We evaluated the test-retest reliability and balance task discrimination capability of a new wireless triaxial accelerometer (YEI 3-Space Sensor). Four testing conditions (eyes open or closed, while on a firm or compliant surface) were used to progressively challenge the static balance of 20 healthy male (n = 8) and female (n = 12) older adults (mean age 81 ± 4.3 y). Subjects completed 2 blocks of three 30-second trials per condition. The accelerometer was positioned on the lower back to acquire mediolateral (M-L) and anterior-posterior (A-P) accelerations. Intraclass correlation coefficients were all good to excellent, with values ranging from .736 to .972 for trial-to-trial and from .760 to .954 for block-to-block. A significant stepwise increase in center of mass acceleration root mean square values was found across the 4 balance conditions (F[1.49, 28.26] = 39.54, P < .001). The new accelerometer exhibited good to excellent trial-to-trial and block-to-block reliability and was sensitive to differences in visual and surface conditions and acceleration axes.

scholarly journals Predicting Sex from Resting-State fMRI Across Multiple Independent Acquired Datasets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obada Al Zoubi ◽  
Masaya Misaki ◽  
Aki Tsuchiyagaito ◽  
Vadim Zotev ◽  
Evan White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSex is an important biological variable often used in analyzing and describing the functional organization of the brain during cognitive and behavioral tasks. Several prior studies have shown that blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) functional connectivity (FC) can be used to differentiate sex among individuals. Herein, we demonstrate that sex can be further classified with high accuracy using the intrinsic BOLD signal fluctuations from resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). We adopted the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), and the fraction of ALFF (fALFF) features from the automated anatomical atlas (AAL) and Power’s functional atlas as an input to different machine learning (ML) methods. Using datasets from five independently acquired subject cohorts and with eight fMRI scanning sessions, we comprehensively assessed unbiased performance using nested-cross validation for within-sample and across sample accuracies. The results demonstrated high prediction accuracies for the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset (area under cure (AUC) > 0.89). The yielded accuracies suggest that sex difference is embodied and well-pronounced in the low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuation. The performance degrades with the heterogeneity of the cohort and suggests that other factors,.e.g. psychiatric disorders and demographics influences the BOLD signal and may interact with the classification of sex. In addition, the results revealed high learning generalizability with the HCP scan, but not across different datasets. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) across HCP scans showed moderate-to-good reliability based on atlas selection (ICC = 0.65 [0.63-0.67] and ICC= 0.78 [0.76-0.80].). We also assessed the effect of scan duration on the predictability of sex and showed that sex differences could be detected even with a short rs-fMRI scan (e.g., 2 minutes). Moreover, we provided statistical maps of the brain regions differentially recruited by or predicting sex using Shapely values and determined an overlap with previous reports of brain response due to sex differences. Altogether, our analysis suggests that sex differences are well-pronounced in rs-fMRI and should be considered seriously in any study design, analysis, or interpretation.

Morphological Changes in the Brain of Acutely Ill and Weight-Recovered Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Seitz ◽  
Katharina Bühren ◽  
Georg G. von Polier ◽  
Nicole Heussen ◽  
Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Qualitative Review ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Acute anorexia nervosa (AN) leads to reduced gray (GM) and white matter (WM) volume in the brain, which however improves again upon restoration of weight. Yet little is known about the extent and clinical correlates of these brain changes, nor do we know much about the time-course and completeness of their recovery. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis and a qualitative review of all magnetic resonance imaging studies involving volume analyses of the brain in both acute and recovered AN. Results: We identified structural neuroimaging studies with a total of 214 acute AN patients and 177 weight-recovered AN patients. In acute AN, GM was reduced by 5.6% and WM by 3.8% compared to healthy controls (HC). Short-term weight recovery 2–5 months after admission resulted in restitution of about half of the GM aberrations and almost full WM recovery. After 2–8 years of remission GM and WM were nearly normalized, and differences to HC (GM: –1.0%, WM: –0.7%) were no longer significant, although small residual changes could not be ruled out. In the qualitative review some studies found GM volume loss to be associated with cognitive deficits and clinical prognosis. Conclusions: GM and WM were strongly reduced in acute AN. The completeness of brain volume rehabilitation remained equivocal.

scholarly journals AB0073 INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY IN SPONDYLOARTHRITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1067.1-1067
Author(s):  
S. Hecquet ◽  
P. Totoson ◽  
H. Martin ◽  
C. Prati ◽  
D. Wendling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Permeability Evaluation

Background:Growing evidence argue for a role of the gut in the pathophysiology of various chronic rheumatic diseases such as spondyloarthritis (SpA). This so-called “gut-joint axis” involves dysbiosis, bacterial translocation, intestinal inflammation and increase in intestinal permeability. Recent data from clinical and basic research suggested that the integrity of the intestinal barrier might be a key determinant in translating autoimmunity to inflammation, making intestinal permeability a potential marker or a target for future therapies.Objectives:To analyse the available data on intestinal permeability in SpA patients and the effects of drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on intestinal permeability.Methods:A systematic review was conducted. Without date restriction, the following databases were searched through September 1, 2020: Medline, Embase and Cochrane. Studies with patients with SpA assessing the intestinal permeability were selected. Some of the included studies have assessed the effect of NSAIDs on intestinal permeability.Results:A total of 12 studies were included in the final analysis. The 12 studies involved a total of 268 SpA patients, including 240 ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Among the studies included, four studies used the lactulose/mannitol test, four studies used the 51Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic test and two studies used the polyethylene glycols test. Nine of the 12 studies reported increased intestinal permeability regardless on the method used for intestinal permeability evaluation. Four studies evaluated the link between disease activity, assessed by CRP and ESR levels, and intestinal permeability and showed no correlation between increased intestinal permeability and markers of disease activity in AS patients. As regards the effects of NSAIDs on intestinal permeability, data are controversial. Two studies, including one evaluating indomethacin, did not show any influence of NSAIDs in AS patients, one study showed an increase in intestinal permeability under NSAIDs in only 60% of the patients, another study reported increased intestinal permeability. When comparing the effect of NSAIDs in patients with AS to healthy subjects, one study reported a comparable NSAIDs-induced increase in intestinal permeability in both groups.Conclusion:The results of our review suggest that increased intestinal permeability is present in SpA patients even in the absence of NSAIDs use and regardless of the method used to assess intestinal permeability. The effects of NSAIDs on intestinal permeability in SpA patients is more controversial and further studies are needed to clarify them.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals The unbalanced reorganization of weaker functional connections induces the altered brain network topology in schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Mastrandrea ◽  
Fabrizio Piras ◽  
Andrea Gabrielli ◽  
Nerisa Banaj ◽  
Guido Caldarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNetwork neuroscience shed some light on the functional and structural modifications occurring to the brain associated with the phenomenology of schizophrenia. In particular, resting-state functional networks have helped our understanding of the illness by highlighting the global and local alterations within the cerebral organization. We investigated the robustness of the brain functional architecture in 44 medicated schizophrenic patients and 40 healthy comparators through an advanced network analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The networks in patients showed more resistance to disconnection than in healthy controls, with an evident discrepancy between the two groups in the node degree distribution computed along a percolation process. Despite a substantial similarity of the basal functional organization between the two groups, the expected hierarchy of healthy brains' modular organization is crumbled in schizophrenia, showing a peculiar arrangement of the functional connections, characterized by several topologically equivalent backbones. Thus, the manifold nature of the functional organization’s basal scheme, together with its altered hierarchical modularity, may be crucial in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This result fits the disconnection hypothesis that describes schizophrenia as a brain disorder characterized by an abnormal functional integration among brain regions.

scholarly journals Assessment of reliability and validity of the 5-scale grading system of the point-of-care immunoassay for tear matrix metalloproteinase-9

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjeong Kim ◽  
Ja Young Oh ◽  
Seon Ha Bae ◽  
Seung Hyeun Lee ◽  
Won Jun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Calibration Curve ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWe evaluated the reliability and validity of the 5-scale grading system to interpret the point-of-care immunoassay for tear matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Six observers graded red bands of photographs of the readout window in MMP-9 immunoassay kit (InflammaDry) two times with 2-week interval based on the 5-scale grading system (i.e. grade 0–4). Interobserver and intraobserver reliability were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients. The interobserver agreements were analyzed according to the severity of tear MMP-9 expression. To validate the system, a concentration calibration curve was made using MMP-9 solutions with reference concentrations, then the distribution of MMP-9 concentrations was analyzed according to the 5-scale grading system. Both intraobserver and interobserver reliability was excellent. The readout grades were significantly correlated with the quantified colorimetric densities. The interobserver variance of readout grades had no correlation with the severity of the measured densities. The band density continued to increase up to a maximal concentration (i.e. 5000 ng/mL) according to the calibration curve. The difference of grades reflected the change of MMP-9 concentrations sensitively, especially between grade 2 and 4. Together, our data indicate that the subjective 5-scale grading system in the point-of-care MMP-9 immunoassay is an easy and reliable method with acceptable accuracy.

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