scholarly journals Longitudinal development of attention and inhibitory control during the first year of life

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Holmboe ◽  
Arielle Bonneville-Roussy ◽  
Gergely Csibra ◽  
Mark Henry Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
First Year ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Full Support ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
First Year Of Life

Executive functions (EFs) are key abilities that allow us to control our thoughts and actions. Research suggests that two EFs, inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM), emerge around 9 months. Little is known about IC earlier in infancy and whether basic attentional processes form the ‘building blocks’ of emerging IC. These questions were investigated longitudinally in 104 infants tested behaviorally on two screen-based attention tasks at 4 months, and on IC tasks at 6 and 9 months. Results provided no evidence that basic attention formed precursors for IC. However, there was full support for coherence in IC at 9 months and partial support for stability in IC from 6 months. This suggests that IC emerges earlier than previously assumed.

scholarly journals Longitudinal development of attention and inhibitory control during the first year of life

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. e12690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Holmboe ◽  
Arielle Bonneville-Roussy ◽  
Gergely Csibra ◽  
Mark H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
First Year ◽  
Longitudinal Development ◽  
First Year Of Life

Disaccharidase Deficiency

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Martin H. Ulshen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
First Year ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
A Minor ◽  
First Year Of Life

Disaccharidases are enzymes of the small intestine, and they are essential for normal carbohydrate digestion. Carbohydrates are an important dietary component, providing about half of the calories in a typical Western diet. The smallest carbohydrate units, the monosaccharides, are the building blocks for more complex sugars and starches. The monosaccharides of dietary importance include glucose, galactose, and fructose. Carbohydrates are present in an average diet, primarily in the form of dissacharides (two monosaccharides linked together) and starches (glucose polymers). The disaccharide lactose is the major carbohydrate in milk and accounts for about 40% of the caloric content of human milk as well as commercial cow milk formula. Lactose is composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose; sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose. During the first year of life, juices and solids are introduced into the diet in increasing amounts and, therefore, sucrose and starches provide an increasing proportion of the dietary calories. By the adult years, about 50% of dietary carbohydrate is ingested in the form of starch, and lactose is often a minor component of the diet. Among the dietary carbohydrates, only the monosaccharides can be transported intact across the luminal surface of the small intestine. The moroe complex carbohydrates must undergo digestion prior to assimilation.

scholarly journals Basics of physiological carrying babies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kiebzak
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Full Support ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Coordination Disorder

Introduction: In the first year of life, the spine is very susceptible to various types of overload. During this period, it is extremely important to ensure optimal conditions for the physiological formation of curvature of the spine. Aim: The aim of the work is to present optimal ways of carrying infants, recommended by the authors. Material and methods: Using the keywords: ‘carrying children,’ ‘stacking babies,’ ‘moving babies,’ ‘carrying an infant,’ ‘stacking infants,’ ‘moving infants‘ the following databases were searched: ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and ClinicalKey. Works published after 1990 were searched. The presented text describes the authors’ own experience gained throughout over 30 years of clinical work. Results and discussion: In the first year of life, manner of carrying a child should be adapted to the stage of its psychomotor development. During the first 4 months of life, the baby’s spine needs full support. Between 4 and 8 months of age, it is acceptable to carry the child vertically with relief from the spine. In the period when the child acquires ability to independently assume a sitting position and is able to control positioning of the torso in space, his body weight may rest on the tubers ischiale. Conclusions: (1) Proper way of carrying babies is important in the prevention of developmental coordination disorder in infants in the first year of life. (2) Periodical check-up of carrying position proper for a given stage of a child’s development is recommended.

Development of Tonality Induction: Plasticity, Exposure, and Training

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabel J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Absolute Judgment ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
First Year ◽  
Performance Training ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Tonal Context

Tonality induction is the natural outcome of acoustic redundancies in music and the predisposition of the brain to represent these redundancies. In the simplest case, tonality induction relies on frequency resolution and a memory accumulator. A review of the literature suggests that these and other more sophisticated building blocks (analysis of complex tones and sensitivity to sequential characteristics of musical patterns) are in place to contribute to tonality induction in the first year of life. As further revealed by life-span studies of preference and recognition for stylistically different popular music excerpts, two other constraints must also be considered: (1) brain plasticity and (2) degree of exposure to music of particular styles. The importance of a final factor, (3) formal music performance training, is shown in studies of (a) the benefits of the major triad frequency ratio relations (4: 5: 6) on memory (absolute judgment) for tones in an unfamiliar context (b) the applicability of a model based on a key-finding algorithm to pitch memory in a tonal context, and (c) the probe-tone task.

Early human communication helps in understanding language evolution

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 560-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Lenti Boero
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
First Year ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Auditory Skills ◽  
Early Human

AbstractBuilding a theory on extant species, as Ackermann et al. do, is a useful contribution to the field of language evolution. Here, I add another living model that might be of interest: human language ontogeny in the first year of life. A better knowledge of this phase might help in understanding two more topics among the “several building blocks of a comprehensive theory of the evolution of spoken language” indicated in their conclusion by Ackermann et al., that is, the foundation of the co-evolution of linguistic motor skills with the auditory skills underlying speech perception, and the possible phylogenetic interactions of protospeech production with referential capabilities.

The Development of Swallowing Respiratory Coordination

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Maggie-Lee Huckabee
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Activation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Primary Finding ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Cortical Modulation ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Swallowing Apnea

Abstract Research exists that evaluates the mechanics of swallowing respiratory coordination in healthy children and adults as well and individuals with swallowing impairment. The research program summarized in this article represents a systematic examination of swallowing respiratory coordination across the lifespan as a means of behaviorally investigating mechanisms of cortical modulation. Using time-locked recordings of submental surface electromyography, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustics, three conditions of swallowing were evaluated in 20 adults in a single session and 10 infants in 10 sessions across the first year of life. The three swallowing conditions were selected to represent a continuum of volitional through nonvolitional swallowing control on the basis of a decreasing level of cortical activation. Our primary finding is that, across the lifespan, brainstem control strongly dictates the duration of swallowing apnea and is heavily involved in organizing the integration of swallowing and respiration, even in very early infancy. However, there is evidence that cortical modulation increases across the first 12 months of life to approximate more adult-like patterns of behavior. This modulation influences primarily conditions of volitional swallowing; sleep and naïve swallows appear to not be easily adapted by cortical regulation. Thus, it is attention, not arousal that engages cortical mechanisms.

Gastric electrical activity in normal neonates during the first year of life. Effect of lactation with breast milk and formula

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A209-A209
Author(s):  
G RIEZZO ◽  
R CASTELLANA ◽  
T DEBELLIS ◽  
F LAFORGIA ◽  
F INDRIO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Gastric Electrical Activity ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Normal Neonates
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