On the locus of individual differences in perceptual flexibility: ERP evidence for perceptual warping of speech sounds

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.31234/osf.io/q9stn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Efthymia C Kapnoula ◽

Bob McMurray

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Lexical Processing ◽

Cue Integration ◽

Speech Sounds ◽

System P ◽

Speech Cues ◽

Speech Categorization ◽

Visual Analogue Scaling ◽

Lexical Processes ◽

The Continuum

Listeners vary in how they categorize speech sounds: some are more step-like, while others are more gradient. Recent work suggests that gradient listeners are more flexible in cue integration and recovery from misperceptions (Kapnoula et al., 2017, 2021). We investigated the source of these differences and asked how they cascade to lexical processing. Individual differences in speech categorization were assessed via a visual analogue scaling (VAS) task. Following Toscano et al. (2010), we used the N1 ERP component to track pre-categorical encoding of speech cues. Separate tasks were used to measure inhibitory control and lexical processes. The N1 linearly tracked the continuum, reflecting a fundamentally gradient speechperception; however, for step-like listeners this linearity was disrupted near the boundary. This suggests that, while all listeners are generally gradient, there are individual differences deriving from the idiosyncratic encoding of specific cues, and that cue-level gradiency cascadesthroughout the system.

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Neuronal correlates of prelexical and lexical processes in visual word recognition. An individual differences research with ERPs measures

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e512592013-577 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

M. Urrutia ◽

A. Dominguez ◽

J. A. Hernandez-Cabrera ◽

I. Leon ◽

M. De Vega

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Word Recognition ◽

Visual Word Recognition ◽

Visual Word ◽

Lexical Processes

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Musicians upweight pitch during prosodic categorization

10.31234/osf.io/c4396 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashley E Symons ◽

Adam Tierney

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Musical Training ◽

Prior Experience ◽

Acoustic Cues ◽

Task Relevance ◽

Potential Predictor ◽

Cue Weighting ◽

Multiple Dimensions ◽

Linguistic Focus ◽

Speech Categorization

Speech perception requires the integration of evidence from acoustic cues across multiple dimensions. Individuals differ in their cue weighting strategies, i.e. the weight they assign to different acoustic dimensions during speech categorization. In two experiments, we investigate musical training as one potential predictor of individual differences in prosodic cue weighting strategies. Attentional theories of speech categorization suggest that prior experience with the task-relevance of a particular acoustic dimensions leads that dimension to attract attention. Therefore, Experiment 1 tested whether musicians and non-musicians differed in their ability to selectively attend to pitch and loudness in speech. Compared to non-musicians, musicians showed enhanced dimension-selective attention to pitch but not loudness. In Experiment 2, we tested the hypothesis that musicians would show greater pitch weighting during prosodic categorization due to prior experience with the task-relevance of pitch cues in music. In this experiment, listeners categorized phrases that varied in the extent to which pitch and duration signaled the location of linguistic focus and phrase boundaries. During linguistic focus categorization only, musicians up-weighted pitch compared to non-musicians. These results suggest that musical training is linked with domain-general enhancements of the salience of pitch cues, and that this increase in pitch salience may lead to to an up-weighting of pitch during some prosodic categorization tasks. These findings also support attentional theories of cue weighting, in which more salient acoustic dimensions are given more importance during speech categorization.

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Meaningful Individual Differences in Statistics Cognition

Assessing and Measuring Statistics Cognition in Higher Education Online Environments - Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-2420-5.ch006 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 188-234

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Development ◽

Goal Orientation ◽

Individual Difference ◽

Online Courses ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Self Determination ◽

Scholarly Research ◽

Motivational Profiles ◽

The Continuum

This chapter focuses on the understanding and use of individual differences in statistics cognition. We argue that individual differences can be classified along a continuum ranging from within an individual (internally derived) to an outside source (externally prescribed), and that where an individual differences falls on the continuum may have important implications for how individual differences are used to describe, control for, predict, or explain findings in scholarly research. We argue that individual differences are more useful when they meaningfully pertain to cognitive development, and outline how motivation (using goal orientation and self-determination theory) can be used as an individual difference. We conclude with a discussion of aligning motivational goals and how online courses could adapt themselves to student motivational profiles.

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Suggestibility in the Courtroom

10.1093/oso/9780190612016.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Fiona Gabbert ◽

Lorraine Hope

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Criminal Justice ◽

Criminal Justice System ◽

Justice System ◽

Key Factors ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Legal Process ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

System P ◽

Investigative Process

Due to the constructive nature of memory, recollections for events are easily contaminated or distorted by information encountered after the event took place. People can therefore mistakenly report information that has been suggested to them, but that they have not in reality experienced. In light of this well-documented memory fallibility, the current chapter explores how memory can be distorted during the investigative and legal process. Key factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness statements are discussed, including stress and arousal, intoxication, and individual differences in vulnerability to suggestion. The chapter examines when people are most likely to be vulnerable to suggestion and focuses, in particular, on how memory can be distorted during the investigative process as a result of poor interviewing practice and co-witness contamination. The chapter concludes with consideration of how best to minimize the negative effects of suggestibility for the criminal justice system

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The measurement of breathlessness induced in normal subjects: individual differences

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0700131 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 131-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

L. Adams ◽

N. Chronos ◽

R. Lane ◽

A. Guz

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Stimulus Type ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Weak Association ◽

Wide Variability ◽

The Common ◽

Common Observation ◽

Visual Analogue Scaling

1. Normal subjects show wide variability in their sensory scaling of breathlessness for equivalent degrees of ventilatory stimulation and behave ‘characteristically’ irrespective of stimulus type. 2. Observed differences are not explained by physical characteristics, ventilatory sensitivity or pattern of breathing although there is a weak association with the degree of physical fitness. 3. Differences are seen when scaling is performed with reference to both rigidly defined extremes of breathlessness (visual analogue scaling) and a subject's own relative changes in the intensity of this sensation (magnitude estimation). 4. These findings may explain the common observation, in patients with respiratory disease, of dyspnoea out of proportion to the pathophysiological state.

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Unpredictability and complexity of print-to-speech correspondences increase reliance on lexical processes: more evidence for the orthographic depth hypothesis

10.31219/osf.io/xn4fp ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Xenia Schmalz ◽

Elisabeth Beyersmann ◽

Eddy Cavalli ◽

Eva Marinus

Keyword(s):

Lexical Processing ◽

Reading Aloud ◽

Frequency Effect ◽

Linguistic Differences ◽

Lexical Route ◽

Orthographic Depth ◽

Correct Pronunciation ◽

Different Orthographies ◽

Lexical Processes ◽

Different Sources

The Orthographic Depth Hypothesis [Katz, L., & Frost, R. (1992). The reading process is different for different orthographies: The orthographic depth hypothesis. In R. Frost & L. Katz (Eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 67–84). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science] proposes cross-linguistic differences in the involvement of lexical processing during reading. In orthographies with complex, inconsistent, and/or incomplete sublexical correspondences, decoding is more difficult and therefore slower. This gives more time to the lexical route to retrieve information, and leads to a greater ratio of lexical processing. We test whether this mechanism applies both for words with inconsistent (in English) and for words with complex (in French) correspondences. As complex correspondences are sufficient to derive a correct pronunciation, an increase in lexical processing may not occur. In a reading-aloud task, we used the frequency effect to measure lexical processing. The data showed stronger involvement of lexical processing for inconsistent compared to consistent words, and for complex compared to simple words. The results confirm that Katz and Frost’s proposed mechanism applies to different sources of orthographic depth.

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Understanding speech acoustics in an era of extreme cue-integration: Multi-dimensional phonetics reveals individual differences in fricative production

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.4755399 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 132 (3) ◽

pp. 2000-2000

Author(s):

Ariane E. Rhone ◽

Keith S. Apfelbaum ◽

Bob McMurray

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Cue Integration ◽

Speech Acoustics

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Individual differences in lexical processing and cerebral asymmetries

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e527352012-226 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christine Chiarello ◽

Suzanne Welcome ◽

Laura K. Halderman ◽

Janelle Julagay ◽

Ronald Otto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Lexical Processing ◽

Cerebral Asymmetries

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Parsing preferences and individual differences in nonnative sentence processing: Evidence from eye movements

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s014271642000065x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 129-151

Author(s):

Yesi Cheng ◽

Jason Rothman ◽

Ian Cunnings

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Sentence Processing ◽

Lexical Processing ◽

English Studies ◽

Processing Efficiency ◽

L2 Processing ◽

Attachment Preference ◽

Ambiguity Advantage ◽

L1 And L2 ◽

Processing Mechanisms

AbstractUsing both offline and online measures, the present study investigates attachment resolution in relative clauses in English natives (L1) and nonnatives (L2). We test how relative clause resolution interacts with linguistic factors and participant-level individual differences. Previous L1 English studies have demonstrated a low attachment preference and also an “ambiguity advantage” suggesting that L1ers may not have as strong a low attachment preference as is sometimes claimed. We employ a similar design to examine this effect in L1 and L2 comprehension. Offline results indicate that both groups exhibit a low attachment preference, positively correlated with reading span scores and with proficiency in the L2 group. Online results also suggest a low attachment preference in both groups. However, our data show that individual differences influence online attachment resolution for both native and nonnatives; higher lexical processing efficiency correlates with quicker resolution of linguistic conflicts. We argue that the current findings suggest that attachment resolution during L1 and L2 processing share the same processing mechanisms and are modulated by similar individual differences.

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