scholarly journals Large-scale observational evidence of cross-cultural differences in facial behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel McDuff ◽  
Jeffrey M. Girard ◽  
Rana el Kaliouby
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Display Rules ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Facial Behavior ◽  
And Gender

Self-report studies have found evidence that cultures differ in the display rules they have for facial expressions (i.e., for what is appropriate for different people at different times). However, observational studies of actual patterns of facial behavior have been rare and typically limited to the analysis of dozens of participants from two or three regions. We present the first large-scale evidence of cultural differences in observed facial behavior, including 740,984 participants from 12 countries around the world. We used an Internet-based framework to collect video data of participants in two different settings: in their homes and in market research facilities. Using computer vision algorithms designed for this dataset, we measured smiling and brow furrowing expressions as participants watched television ads. Our results reveal novel findings and provide empirical evidence to support theories about cultural and gender differences in display rules. Participants from more individualist cultures displayed more brow furrowing overall, whereas smiling depended on both culture and setting. Specifically, participants from more individualist countries were more expressive in the facility setting, while participants from more collectivist countries were more expressive in the home setting. Female participants displayed more smiling and less brow furrowing than male participants overall, with the latter difference being more pronounced in more individualist countries. This is the first study to leverage advances in computer science to enable large-scale observational research that would not have been possible using traditional methods.

Cross-Cultural Differences in Strategies of Peer Persuasion of Hebrew-Speaking and Arabic-Speaking Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 355-372
Author(s):  
Rachel Karniol
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Participant Gender ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Female Peer ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Arabic Speaking ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract The purpose of the current research was to examine strategies of persuasion used by Arabic-speaking and Hebrew-speaking boys and girls to determine the relative contributions of culture and gender in determining communication styles. Children were asked to write a letter to a male or female peer asking for a gender-stereotyped or a gender-neutral gift. Four meta-categories were identified: formality, self-focus, other-focus, and gift-focus. For each meta-category except gift-focus, there were significant main effects and interactions. Language group was significant for formality and other-focus but not for self-focus. Importantly, there were several interactions between participant gender, target gender, and gender-stereotypy of gift, but these did not interact with language group. The results were discussed in the context of children’s socialization to the ethos of musayara and dugri in Arabic-speaking and Hebrew-speaking culture.

What does the Ultimatum Game mean in the real world?

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 824-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph C. Grace ◽  
Simon Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Mean

The predictive validity of the ultimatum game (UG) for cross-cultural differences in real-world behavior has not yet been established. We discuss results of a recent meta-analysis (Oosterbeek et al 2004), which examined UG behavior across large-scale societies and found that the mean percent offers rejected was positively correlated with social expenditure.

scholarly journals The Explanatory Roles of Habit and Intention on Alcohol Consumption by Adults at Home

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Aplin ◽  
Sandra Kuntsche ◽  
Megan Cook ◽  
Sarah Callinan
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Drinking Behaviour ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Consumption Habit ◽  
And Gender ◽  
At Home

Aims:  The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of intention and habit in predicting adults’ drinking behaviour within the home setting. Measures:  A convenience sample of 414 Australians aged between 35 and 60 were recruited through targeted Facebook advertising. Eligibility criteria for study participation included reporting consuming alcohol at least once a week at home. Participants completed self-report measures of alcohol consumption, habit strength regarding home drinking behaviour, and intentions to consume alcohol. Differences in home drinking controlling for age and gender, by level of habit, and intention were examined using ANCOVA. Results:  Increases in intention were associated with an increase in home drinking. However, with habit and intention entered in the same model, only habit was a significant predictor of the amount of alcohol consumed in the home. For Australians, habit is a stronger predictor of alcohol consumption than intention. Conclusions:  Given that a large proportion of people are doing the majority of their drinking when at home, home-based interventions which target the habitual nature of home consumption may help to reduce consumption and related harm.

Gender and Gang Involvement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Gang Involvement ◽  
Intersecting Identities ◽  
Deviant Sexuality ◽  
And Gender

Sex and gender are often conflated, but there are important distinctions between the two. This is true also with terms related to gender identity, including masculinities and femininities or the performance of gender. In addition, the terms gang and gang member are contested, so it is important to establish a basis for understanding these terms in order to discuss the relationships between gender and gang involvement. Historically, gang-involved young women and men were described in terms of gender extremes, with scholarship and journalistic accounts focusing on the perceived aggressive masculinity of lower class males—and the deviant sexuality of females, who were rarely seen as legitimate full-fledged members of those groups. By the 1980s and 1990s, young women were recognized in scholarship as “real” gang members, and qualitative researchers sought to provide voice to them and examine issues of gender and gender dynamics in gangs, while quantitative researchers sought to explore similarities and differences between girls and boys in gangs, often through large scale studies using self-report surveys of adolescents. Feminist criminology and burgeoning queer criminology have pushed and blurred the boundaries of gender and gang involvement, asserting the importance of taking into account multiple, intersecting identities that differentially structure the experiences of young people, and of the troubling heteronormative, heterosexist, and cisgendered assumptions that have permeated criminology. Moving away from these assumptions means accounting, for example, not only for gender but also for the multiplicative effects of race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, ability, etc.; it means considering what the presence of young women in stereotypically hypermasculine environments signifies for gender performance, moving away from assumptions of opposite sex attraction that cast females in supportive and dependent roles with males, and accounting for the experiences of gang members who identify outside gender and sexual orientation binaries. These issues provide fruitful avenues for sensitive and productive future scholarship on gender and gang involvement.

Vive la Différence

2009 ◽  
pp. 2644-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gefen ◽  
Nitza Geri ◽  
Narasimha Paravastu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

In the ITC cross-cultural literature, we often talk about the differences among peoples and how their respective culture and history may affect their adoption and preference usage patterns of ITC. However, do we really need to look that far to find such cross-cultural differences? Considering language is one of the major defining attributes of culture, this article takes a sociolinguistic approach to argue that there is also a cross-cultural aspect to ITC adoption within the same culture. Sociolinguists have claimed for years that, to a large extent, the communication between men and women, even within the supposedly same culture, has such characteristics because men and women communicate with different underlying social objectives and so their communication patterns are very different. This article examines this sociolinguistic perspective in the context of online courses. A key finding is that although the stage is set to smother cultural and gender differences if participants wish to do so through ITC, gender based cultural patterns still emerge. These differences were actually strong enough to allow us to significantly identify the gender of the student, despite the gender neutral context of the course discussions. Implications for ITC, in general, in view of this Vive la Différence, are discussed.

Cross-Cultural Differences in Adolescents' Perceptions of Their Grandparents

1997 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Hurme
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Contact Frequency ◽  
Polish Study ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
New Finding ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Personality Features

Partial results from a larger Finnish-Polish study on the relations between grandchildren, parents, and grandparents are presented here. The results are based on a content analysis of essays written by 731 Finnish and Polish adolescents between eleven and twenty-one. Older children used more abstract descriptions, girls mentioned more personality features and feelings than boys, and grandmothers, especially maternal grandmothers were described in the most positive terms. The central new finding was that there are highly significant cross-cultural differences in the descriptions of grandparents: the Poles describe them in more abstract terms even after controlling for age and gender. Polish adolescents make more mention of their feelings, their personality, and their skills as well as of emotional/intellectual input from them; they use more positive terms than do the Finns, but make less mention of activities and appearance. These differences between the two cultures are mediated by contact frequency, which through its working on the proximal level enables co-construction of the relationship and the transmission of interactional styles.

Vive la Différence

2009 ◽  
pp. 443-454
Author(s):  
David Gefen ◽  
Nitza Geri ◽  
Narasimha Paravastu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

In the ITC cross-cultural literature, we often talk about the differences among peoples and how their respective culture and history may affect their adoption and preference usage patterns of ITC. However, do we really need to look that far to find such cross-cultural differences? Considering language is one of the major defining attributes of culture, this article takes a sociolinguistic approach to argue that there is also a cross-cultural aspect to ITC adoption within the same culture. Sociolinguists have claimed for years that, to a large extent, the communication between men and women, even within the supposedly same culture, has such characteristics because men and women communicate with different underlying social objectives and so their communication patterns are very different. This article examines this sociolinguistic perspective in the context of online courses. A key finding is that although the stage is set to smother cultural and gender differences if participants wish to do so through ITC, gender based cultural patterns still emerge. These differences were actually strong enough to allow us to significantly identify the gender of the student, despite the gender neutral context of the course discussions. Implications for ITC, in general, in view of this Vive la Différence, are discussed.

scholarly journals Considering cross-cultural differences in sleep duration between Japanese and Canadian university students

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250671
Author(s):  
Benjamin Y. Cheung ◽  
Kosuke Takemura ◽  
Christine Ou ◽  
Anne Gale ◽  
Steven J. Heine
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Japanese University ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Fundamental Biological Process

Sleep is a fundamental biological process that all humans exhibit, and there is much evidence that people suffer adverse health outcomes from insufficient sleep. Despite this evidence, much research demonstrates significant heterogeneity in the amounts that people sleep across cultures. This suggests that despite serving fundamental biological functions, sleep is also subject to cultural influence. Using self-report and actigraphy data we examined sleep among European Canadian, Asian Canadian, and Japanese university students. Significant cultural differences emerged in terms of various parameters of sleep (e.g. sleep time), and beliefs about sleep (e.g. perceived relation between sleep and health). Despite sleeping significantly less than European Canadians, Japanese participants slept less efficiently, yet reported being less tired and having better health. Moreover, relative to European Canadians, Japanese participants perceived a weaker relation between sleep and physical health, and had a significantly shorter ideal amount of sleep. Asian Canadians’ sleep behaviors and attitudes were largely similar to European Canadians suggesting that people acculturate to local cultural sleep norms.

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