scholarly journals Why is the Duration of Imagined Walking Underproduced? A dual-representation view on the mental imagery of locomotion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohide Yamamoto ◽  
Dagmara E. Mach ◽  
John W. Philbeck ◽  
Jennifer Van Pelt
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Dual Representation ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Time Production ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
Motor Representations ◽  
Implicit Representations

Generally, imagining an action and physically executing it are thought to be controlled by common motor representations. However, imagined walking to a previewed target tends to be terminated more quickly than real walking to the same target, raising a question as to what representations underlie the two modes of walking. To address this question, the present study put forward a hypothesis that both explicit and implicit representations of gait are involved in imagined walking, and further proposed that the underproduction of imagined walking duration largely stems from the explicit representation due to its susceptibility to a general undershooting tendency in time production (i.e., the error of anticipation). Properties of the explicit and implicit representations were examined by manipulating their relative dominance during imagined walking through concurrent bodily motions, and also by using non-spatial tasks that extracted the temporal structure of imagined walking. Results showed that the duration of imagined walking subserved by the implicit representation was equal to that of real walking, and a time production task exhibited an equivalent underproduction bias as in imagined walking tasks that were based on the explicit representation. These findings are interpreted as evidence for the dual-representation view of imagined walking.

scholarly journals An explicit representation for disappointment aversion and other betweenness preferences

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1509-1546
Author(s):  
Simone Cerreia-Vioglio ◽  
David Dillenberger ◽  
Pietro Ortoleva
Keyword(s):  
Functional Equation ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
General Result ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Utility Representation ◽  
Disappointment Aversion

One of the most well known models of non‐expected utility is Gul's (1991) model of disappointment aversion. This model, however, is defined implicitly, as the solution to a functional equation; its explicit utility representation is unknown, which may limit its applicability. We show that an explicit representation can be easily constructed, using solely the components of the implicit representation. We also provide a more general result: an explicit representation for preferences in the betweenness class that also satisfy negative certainty independence (Dillenberger 2010) or its counterpart. We show how our approach gives a simple way to identify the parameters of the representation behaviorally and to study the consequences of disappointment aversion in a variety of applications.

scholarly journals Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation during a Time Production Task: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asato Morita ◽  
Yasunori Morishima ◽  
David W. Rackham
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Time Production ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Accurate time estimation is crucial for many human activities and necessitates the use of working memory, in which the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a critical role. We tested the hypothesis that the DLPFC is activated in participants attempting time estimations that require working memory. Specifically, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate prefrontal cortical activity in the brains of individuals performing a prospective time production task. We measured cerebral hemodynamic responses in 26 healthy right-handed university students while they marked the passage of specified time intervals (3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 s) or performed a button-pressing (control) task. The behavioral results indicated that participants’ time estimations were accurate with minimal variability. The fNIRS data showed that activity was significantly higher in the right DLPFC during the time estimation task compared to the control task. Theoretical considerations and the results of this study suggest that DLPFC activation resulting from time estimation indicates that the working memory system is in use.

Implicit and explicit representations of visual space

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-760
Author(s):  
Bruce Bridgeman
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Implicit Information ◽  
Visible Object ◽  
Event Location ◽  
Explicit Representations ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Alternative Decision

The visual system captures a unique contrast between implicit and explicit representation where the same event (location of a visible object) is coded in both ways in parallel. A method of differentiating the two representations is described using an illusion that affects only the explicit representation. Consistent with predictions, implicit information is available only from targets presently visible, but, surprisingly, a two-alternative decision does not disturb the implicit representation.

scholarly journals Morality constrains the default representation of what is possible

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (18) ◽  
pp. 4649-4654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Phillips ◽  
Fiery Cushman
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
High Level ◽  
Implicit Representations

The capacity for representing and reasoning over sets of possibilities, or modal cognition, supports diverse kinds of high-level judgments: causal reasoning, moral judgment, language comprehension, and more. Prior research on modal cognition asks how humans explicitly and deliberatively reason about what is possible but has not investigated whether or how people have a default, implicit representation of which events are possible. We present three studies that characterize the role of implicit representations of possibility in cognition. Collectively, these studies differentiate explicit reasoning about possibilities from default implicit representations, demonstrate that human adults often default to treating immoral and irrational events as impossible, and provide a case study of high-level cognitive judgments relying on default implicit representations of possibility rather than explicit deliberation.

Phasic heart rate responses to performance feedback in a time production task: effects of information versus valence

2004 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik M. van der Veen ◽  
Maurits W. van der Molen ◽  
Eveline A. Crone ◽  
J.Richard Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Time Production ◽  
Task Effects

scholarly journals Optical Flow in Deep Visual Tracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (07) ◽  
pp. 12112-12119
Author(s):  
Mikko Vihlman ◽  
Arto Visala
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Visual Tracking ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Flow Information ◽  
Explicit Representations ◽  
Single Target Tracking ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit Representations

Single-target tracking of generic objects is a difficult task since a trained tracker is given information present only in the first frame of a video. In recent years, increasingly many trackers have been based on deep neural networks that learn generic features relevant for tracking. This paper argues that deep architectures are often fit to learn implicit representations of optical flow. Optical flow is intuitively useful for tracking, but most deep trackers must learn it implicitly. This paper is among the first to study the role of optical flow in deep visual tracking. The architecture of a typical tracker is modified to reveal the presence of implicit representations of optical flow and to assess the effect of using the flow information more explicitly. The results show that the considered network learns implicitly an effective representation of optical flow. The implicit representation can be replaced by an explicit flow input without a notable effect on performance. Using the implicit and explicit representations at the same time does not improve tracking accuracy. The explicit flow input could allow constructing lighter networks for tracking.

Feedback-related processes during a time-production task in young and older adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nele Wild-Wall ◽  
Rita Willemssen ◽  
Michael Falkenstein
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Time Production

scholarly journals Application of bionic models for situation management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Gerget ◽  
Nataliia Markova
Keyword(s):  
State Transition ◽  
Data Representation ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Control Action ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
System State ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
Python Programming ◽  
Time Information

The article discusses the concept of choosing the sequence of control actions in order to minimize the possibility of the system state transition to an adverse one. For this purpose, the bionic model based on the synthesis of information approach, neural networks and a genetic algorithm is developed. The functionality of each of the model elements and their interaction are presented in this paper. Special attention is paid to neuroevolutionary interaction. At the same time, information about control actions is encapsulated in the gene, which allowed increasing the functionality of the algorithm due to multidimensional data representation. The article describes the principle of data representation in bionic models, which differs from the existing ones by the possibility of explicit or implicit representation of the control action in the chromosome. In the explicit representation one neural network is formed, it describes the effect of any of the control actions involved in the training. An implicit view creates a set of models, each of which describes the effect of only one control action. A brief description of the software implemented in the Python programming language is provided.

Visual Mental Imagery

2015 ◽  
pp. 36-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Michael J. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Information Presentation ◽  
Dual Representation ◽  
Visual Mental Imagery ◽  
Representational Format ◽  
Pictorial Representations

Opinions diverge on the nature of visual mental imagery as a form of representation. Researchers adopting the pictorial position propose that visual mental imagery is concrete and pictorial in nature. Researchers adopting the propositional position believe that visual mental imagery is abstract and verbal in nature and deny images as an original form of information presentation. This chapter reviews the opposing theoretical stances and proposes that an acceptable resolution of the debate could be a dual representation position that takes visual mental imagery as a key representational format, suggesting complementary and integrating roles for verbal and pictorial representations in accounting for certain cognitive phenomena.

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