scholarly journals The effect of messaging and gender on intentions to wear a face covering to slow down COVID-19 transmission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerio Capraro ◽  
Hélène Barcelo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender

Now that various countries are or will soon be moving towards relaxing shelter-in-place rules, it is important that people use a face covering, to avoid an exponential resurgence of the spreading of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Adherence to this measure will be made explicitly compulsory in many places. However, since it is impossible to control each and every person in a country, it is important to complement governmental laws with behavioral interventions devised to impact people’s behavior beyond the force of law. Here we report a pre-registered online experiment (N=2,459) using a heterogenous, although not representative, sample of people living in the USA, where we test the relative effect of messages highlighting that the coronavirus is a threat to “you” vs “your family” vs “your community” vs “your country” on self-reported intentions to wear a face covering. Results show that focusing on “your community” promotes intentions to wear a face covering relative to the baseline; the trend is the same when comparing “your community” to the other conditions, but not significant. We also conducted pre-registered analyses of gender differences on intentions to wear a face covering. We find that men less than women intend to wear a face covering, but this difference almost disappears in counties where wearing a face covering is mandatory. We also find that men less than women believe that they will be seriously affected by the coronavirus, and this partly mediates gender differences in intentions to wear a face covering (this is particularly ironic because official statistics actually show that men are affected by the COVID-19 more seriously than women). Finally, we also find gender differences in self-reported negative emotions felt when wearing a face covering. Men more than women agree that wearing a face covering is shameful, not cool, a sign of weakness, and a stigma; and these gender differences also mediate gender differences in intentions to wear a face covering.

scholarly journals Study of the Motivation of Spanish Amateur Runners Based on Training Patterns and Gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8185
Author(s):  
David Manzano-Sánchez ◽  
Lucas Postigo-Pérez ◽  
Manuel Gómez-López ◽  
Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Training Pattern ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Intensity Training

The objectives of the present study are to analyze the different training patterns of the amateur runners, according to their gender, and to find out a correlation between the training pattern and the motivation. The sample was composed of 457 amateur runners. For the collection of data, a two-part questionnaire was used. The first part consisted of questions about sporting and healthy patterns and the second part consisted of the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ), adapted to Spanish. The obtained results indicated that their motives for starting to practice running and to continue their involvement are health and fun. The training pattern is as follows: they practise one to three days per week, running from three to five hours overall plus additional stretching and high intensity training. They participated in less than one running event per month. Most of them did not belong to an athletic club, did not have a coach, were not federated and have more than four years’ experience of running. What concerns the gender differences, the men trained more than the women, and they did it with relatives and friends; women preferred to do it with friends or by themselves with the assistance of a coach. Age and running hours per week were the best variables to predict the task goal orientation, especially for men. For women, training hours per week predicted the goal orientation but to the ego. This finding could be especially helpful for coaches. A high number of training hours for men was linked with a task goal orientation, and on the other hand, for women it meant an ego goal orientation. The consequences of their behaviours were likely to be markedly different.

scholarly journals Social capital in Spain: Are there gender inequalities?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Muñoz-Goy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Groups

Social capital is an asset for individuals because it grants access to important resources embedded in their social networks. But social capital is not evenly distributed among different groups. Gender groups are analysed in this paper in order to examine if there are differences in diverse indicators of social capital and whether these possible differences remain when control variables are considered. The data used in this paper come from a representative sample of 3,400 people in Spain. The main results show gender differences in the access, mobilisation and type of social networks, as well as in the extent and type of social participation. However, these differences are mostly reduced for the groups in more advantageous social positions, which have the possibility to contact with greater and more varied groups, or which have been educated in less traditional gender roles. In general, gender inequalities in social capital remain for the other groups.

scholarly journals Different Dynamics of Sensory-Motor Development and Behavior During the Transitional Period in Puppies: Preliminary Results

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Federica Pirrone ◽  
Ludovica Pierantoni ◽  
Valerio Albizzati ◽  
Mariangela Albertini
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Season Of Birth ◽  
Sensory Development ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Many studies have analyzed the behavior of puppies during their socialization period, while little attention has been paid to the transitional period, when vision and hearing develop. Here, we compared the average age of sensory and motor development, and the behavior among a total of 25 puppies. Each litter was videotaped during 1-hour daily sessions on postnatal days 10-21 and coded for the following mutually exclusive behavioral categories: sleeping, suckling and moving. The moving category included side-to-side head swinging, exploring, rolling and allogrooming. The opening of the eyelids, appearance of the startle response and ability to stand up with either the front or hind legs were identified. The duration and frequency of puppy behaviors varied significantly with breed and season of birth. Breed and gender differences in gross motor and sensory development were also observed. These findings may turn out to be crucial to enhance the welfare, standards of rearing, and behavioral interventions aimed at improving adaptability to novel stimuli in pet dogs.

Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1523-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARON ZLOTNICK ◽  
JENNIFER JOHNSON ◽  
ROBERT KOHN ◽  
BENJAMIN VICENTE ◽  
PEDRO RIOSECO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
And Gender

Background. In this study we examined the prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), types of trauma most often associated with PTSD, the co-morbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, which disorders preceded PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD and trauma exposure in a representative sample of Chileans.Method. The DSM-III-R PTSD and antisocial personality disorder modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and modules for a range of DSM-III-R diagnoses from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were administered to a representative sample of 2390 persons aged 15 to over 64 years in three cities in Chile.Results. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4·4% (2·5% for men and 6·2% for women). Among persons exposed to trauma, rape was most strongly associated with PTSD. Onset of PTSD significantly increased the risk of developing each of the 10 other tested disorders. Among those exposed to trauma, women were significantly more likely to develop PTSD, after controlling for assaultive violence.Conclusions. This study highlights the importance of investigating the prevalence of PTSD, patterns of co-morbidity of PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD in non-English-speaking countries.

Epidemiology and gender differences in pediatric recreational and firearms noise exposure in the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-545
Author(s):  
Jay M. Bhatt ◽  
Harrison W. Lin ◽  
Neil Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Gender

Leader Effects and Gender Differences in Sequential Restaurant Ordering Environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenter Schamel ◽  
Francisco Javier Santos-Arteaga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Jel Classifications

AbstractWe empirically examine the strategic importance of the choices of the first person ordering, that is, the leader, for the decisions made and money spent by other commensals at a restaurant table. Our aim is to study the similarity of orders—in terms of dishes, drinks, and prices—among the table leader and the other commensals. The empirical results reveal that table leaders, both male and female, exert a considerable influence on the choices made by other diners. We analyze the differences arising when males and females act as table leaders. (JEL Classifications: D12, D91)

scholarly journals The happy victimizer phenomenon: Thinking or knowledge

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
Vojin Simunovic ◽  
Aleksandra Djurovic ◽  
Jovan Miric
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Research Finding ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Moral Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Two Age Groups

The attribution of emotions to transgressors has received considerable attention of researchers since the end of the1980s. A common research finding in the Western countries (the USA, Germany, and Portugal) is that children younger than 8 years attribute positive emotions to transgressors (which is called ?the happy victimizer phenomenon?, HVP). On the other hand, a research study conducted in Belgrade, Serbia, did not find the HVP even among 5-year-old children. It was established that children from Belgrade focused more on the moral side of the transgression than on the instrumental side (i.e. the things that the transgressor achieved by the transgression). The goal of our research was to evaluate whether Serbian children actually reason in this way or simply repeat what they have learned. In order to verify this hypothesis, Piaget?s method of ?a pair of stories? (instead of presenting the stories one by one) was used in two studies. In the first study, the degree of injury inflicted to the other child was varied (as one aspect of the moral side of the transgression). In the second study, the type of intention (good or bad) was varied (as another aspect of the moral side of the transgression). In both studies, the sample consisted of 40 children, with two age groups (5- and 7-year-old children) that included 20 children each (10 boys and 10 girls). The conclusion of both studies was that subjects attributed negative emotions to transgressors in accordance with the moral instead of instrumental understanding of the transgression. These findings imply that children?s responses do not represent moral knowledge, but reflect authentic moral reasoning.

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