scholarly journals Investigating Fast Mapping task components: no evidence for the role of semantic referent nor semantic inference in healthy adults

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Cooper ◽  
Andrea Greve ◽  
Richard Henson
Keyword(s):  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Semantic Inference ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Memory Rehabilitation ◽  
Semantic Referent

Fast Mapping (FM) is an incidental learning process that is hypothesised to allow rapid, cortical-based memory formation, independent of the normal, hippocampally-dependent episodic memory system. It is believed to underlie the rapid vocabulary learning in infants that occurs separately from intentional memorisation strategies. Interest in adult FM learningwas stimulated by a report in which adults with amnesia following hippocampal damage showed a normal ability to learn new object-name associations after an incidental FM task,despite their impaired memory under a conventional intentional memorisation task. This remarkable finding has important implications for memory rehabilitation, and has led to a number of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in other patients and controls. Given this growing interest in adult FM, we conducted four behavioural experiments with healthy adults (N=24 young or older adults in Experiment 1-3 using within-participantdesigns; N=195 young adults in Experiment 4 using a between-participant design) that attempted to dissect which component(s) of the FM task are important for memory. Two key components of the FM task have been claimed to support FM learning: i) provision of a known semantic referent and ii) requirement that the new association be inferred. Experiment  1 provided no evidence that removing the semantic referent impaired memory performance, while Experiment 2 provided no evidence that removing the semantic inference impaired performance. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 2 with older participants, basedon the hypothesis (from studies of amnesic individuals) that FM would be more effective following the hippocampal atrophy typical of increasing age, but again found no evidence that semantic inference is beneficial. Given potential concerns about contamination between tasks when each participant performed multiple variants of the FM task, we ran a final between-participant design in which each participant only ever did one condition. Despite  80% power and despite being able to detect better memory following intentional memorisation in the explicit encoding (EE) control condition than in each of the FMconditions, we again found no evidence of differences between any FM conditions. We  conclude that there is no evidence that the components hypothesized to be critical for FM are relevant to healthy adults.

scholarly journals Decoding the Formation of New Semantics: MVPA Investigation of Rapid Neocortical Plasticity during Associative Encoding through Fast Mapping

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Atir-Sharon ◽  
Asaf Gilboa ◽  
Hananel Hazan ◽  
Ester Koilis ◽  
Larry M. Manevitz
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobe ◽  
Novel Associations

Neocortical structures typically only support slow acquisition of declarative memory; however, learning through fast mapping may facilitate rapid learning-induced cortical plasticity and hippocampal-independent integration of novel associations into existing semantic networks. During fast mapping the meaning of new words and concepts is inferred, and durable novel associations are incidentally formed, a process thought to support early childhood’s exuberant learning. The anterior temporal lobe, a cortical semantic memory hub, may critically support such learning. We investigated encoding of semantic associations through fast mapping using fMRI and multivoxel pattern analysis. Subsequent memory performance following fast mapping was more efficiently predicted using anterior temporal lobe than hippocampal voxels, while standard explicit encoding was best predicted by hippocampal activity. Searchlight algorithms revealed additional activity patterns that predicted successful fast mapping semantic learning located in lateral occipitotemporal and parietotemporal neocortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. By contrast, successful explicit encoding could be classified by activity in medial and dorsolateral prefrontal and parahippocampal cortices. We propose that fast mapping promotes incidental rapid integration of new associations into existing neocortical semantic networks by activating related, nonoverlapping conceptual knowledge. In healthy adults, this is better captured by unique anterior and lateral temporal lobe activity patterns, while hippocampal involvement is less predictive of this kind of learning.

A Single Administration of Dehydroepiandrosterone Does Not Enhance Memory Performance in Young Healthy Adults, but Immediately Reduces Cortisol Levels

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver T Wolf ◽  
Birthe Köster ◽  
Clemens Kirschbaum ◽  
Reinhard Pietrowsky ◽  
Werner Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Single Administration ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Implicit Memory Performance of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: A Brief Review

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Jelicic ◽  
Annette E. Bonebakker ◽  
Benno Bonke
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Conscious Recollection ◽  
Previous Learning ◽  
Normal Performance

Memory can be assessed with either explicit or implicit tasks. Implicit memory tasks, in contrast with explicit tasks, do not refer to conscious recollection of a previous learning experience. Implicit memory is revealed by a change in task performance that can be attributed to previous learning. Amnesic patients perform poorly on explicit memory tasks, but exhibit normal performance on implicit tasks. Recently, researchers have studied the implicit memory performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease. This article aims to give an overview of the performance of Alzheimer patients on four tasks of implicit memory. Compared with normal elderly controls, patients with Alzheimer's disease seem to demonstrate impaired performance on conceptual, but not on perceptual, implicit memory tasks. This dissociation could yield important information about the neurologic systems subserving implicit memory processes. Some suggestions for future research into the implicit memory of Alzheimer patients are given.

Amnesic syndrome in schizophrenia

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. McKenna ◽  
D. Tamlyn ◽  
C. E. Lund ◽  
A. M. Mortimer ◽  
S. Hammond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Intellectual Impairment ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Alzheimer Type Dementia ◽  
Amnesic Syndrome ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Poor Memory

SynopsisMemory impairment is not usually considered to form part of the clinical picture of schizophrenia, except perhaps in severely deteriorated patients. In a survey of 60 patients encompassing all grades of severity and chronicity poor memory performance was found to be common, sometimes substantial, and disproportionately pronounced compared to the degree of general intellectual impairment. Although associated with severity and chronicity of illness, impaired memory was by no means confined to old, institutionalized, or markedly deteriorated patients. The pattern of deficit appeared to resemble that of the classic amnesic syndrome rather than that seen in Alzheimer-type dementia.

Patterns of Prospective Memory Impairment Among Individuals with Depression: The Influence of Cue Type and Delay Interval

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanqi Ryan Li ◽  
Michael Weinborn ◽  
Shayne Loft ◽  
Murray Maybery
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Delay Interval ◽  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Depressed Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

AbstractThe present study investigated the impact of cue type and delay interval on prospective memory performance in depressed, compared to non-depressed, individuals using a clinically relevant measure, the Memory for Intentions Screening Test. The depressed group demonstrated impaired performance on time-based, but not event-based, prospective memory tasks relative to the nondepressed group. The depressed group also demonstrated impaired prospective memory on tasks with longer delay intervals (15 min), but not on tasks with shorter delay intervals (2 min). These data support theoretical frameworks that posit that depression is associated with deficits in cognitive initiative (i.e., reduced ability to voluntarily direct attention to relevant tasks) and thus that depressed individuals are susceptible to poor performance on strategically demanding tasks. The results also raise multiple avenues for developing interventions (e.g., implementation intentions) to improve prospective memory performance among individuals with depression, with potential implications for medication and other treatment adherence. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–5)

Relationship of cognitive impairment to psychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1084-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Figved ◽  
R Benedict ◽  
G Klevan ◽  
KM Myhr ◽  
HI Nyland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Psychiatric and cognitive changes are common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but their relationship has not received much attention. We studied the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and verbal memory, working memory, and mental speed in 78 patients with MS and 40 healthy control subjects using linear regression analyses. The MS group exhibited impaired performance on all cognitive tests. Apathy was associated with intrusions and depression with impaired memory and mental speed. The association between apathy and intrusions supports the hypothesis that lesions in frontal areas or frontal connections contribute to a specific neuropsychiatric syndrome in patients with MS.

Dissociation Between Recall and Recognition Memory Performance in an Amnesic Patient with Hippocampal Damage Following Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Neurocase ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Bastin ◽  
Martial Van der Linden ◽  
Annik Charnallet ◽  
Christine Denby ◽  
Daniela Montaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Amnesic Patient ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Recognition Memory Performance

scholarly journals Functional specialization of the medial temporal lobes in human recognition memory: dissociating effects of hippocampal vs parahippocampal damage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios P. D. Argyropoulos ◽  
Carola Dell’Acqua ◽  
Emily Butler ◽  
Clare Loane ◽  
Adriana Roca-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Perirhinal Cortex ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Material Type ◽  
Brain Behavior

AbstractA central debate in the systems neuroscience of memory concerns whether different medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures support different processes or material-types in recognition memory. We tested a rare patient (Patient MH) with a perirhinal lesion that appeared to spare the hippocampus, using two recognition memory paradigms, each run separately with faces, scenes and words. Replicating reports of a previous case, Patient MH showed impaired familiarity and preserved recollection, relative to controls, with no evidence for any effect of material-type. Moreover, when compared with other amnesic patients, who had hippocampal lesions that appeared to spare the perirhinal cortex, Patient MH showed greater impairment on familiarity and less on recollection, forming a double dissociation. However, when replacing this traditional, binary categorization of patients with a parametric analysis that related memory performance to continuous measures of brain damage across all patients, we found a different pattern: while hippocampal damage predicted recollection, it was parahippocampal instead of perirhinal (or entorhinal) cortex volume that predicted familiarity. Furthermore, there was no evidence that these brain-behavior relationships were moderated by material-type, nor by laterality of damage. Thus, while our data provide the most compelling support yet for dual-process models of recognition memory, in which recollection and familiarity depend on different MTL structures, they suggest that familiarity depends more strongly upon the parahippocampal rather than perirhinal cortex. More generally, our study reinforces the need to go beyond single-case and group studies, and instead examine continuous brain-behavior relationships across larger patient groups.

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