scholarly journals Spatial Anticipatory Attentional Bias for Alcohol: A Preliminary Report on Reliability and Associations with Risky Drinking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Gladwin
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Drinking Motives ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Probe Location

BackgroundAlthough risky drinking and alcohol dependence have been associated with spatial attentional biases, concerns have been raised about the reliability of the frequently-used dot-probe task. A form of anticipatory bias related to predictive cues has been found to be related to alcohol-related processes, and to have high reliability in the context of threat stimuli. It remains to be determined whether this anticipatory attentional bias also has good reliability for alcohol stimuli. Further, correlations with drinking-related individual differences need to be replicated.Methods83 healthy adult participants were included, who completed the task and questionnaires on risky drinking (AUDIT-C), drinking motives (DMQ-R), reasons to abstain from drinking (RALD), and alcohol craving (ACQ). The task used a 400 ms Cue-Stimulus Interval, based on previous work. The Spearman-Brown split-half reliability of reaction time-based bias scores was calculated. The within-subject effect of probe location (predicted-alcohol versus predicted-non-alcohol) was tested using a paired-sample t-test. Correlations were calculated between bias scores and questionnaire scales; tests were one-sided for predicted effects and two-sided for exploratory effects.ResultsA good reliability of .81 was found. There was no overall bias. A predicted correlation between risky drinking and anticipatory bias towards alcohol was found, but no other predicted or exploratory effects.ConclusionsThe anticipatory attentional bias for alcohol is a reliably measurable individual difference, with some evidence that it is associated with risky drinking. Implicit measure of spatial attentional bias can achieve high reliability. Further study of attentional biases using predictive cues would appear to be promising.

scholarly journals Alcohol-related Attentional Bias Variability and Conflicting Automatic Associations

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204380871877963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Gladwin ◽  
Matthijs Vink
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Social Drinkers ◽  
Visual Probe ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Attentional Responses

Attentional bias variability may be related to alcohol abuse. Of potential use for studying variability is the anticipatory attentional bias: Bias due to the locations of predictively-cued rather than already-presented stimuli. The hypothesis was tested that conflicting automatic associations are related to attentional bias variability. Further, relationships were explored between anticipatory biases and individual differences related to alcohol use. 74 social drinkers performed a cued Visual Probe Task and univalent Single-Target Implicit Associations Tasks. Questionnaires were completed on risky drinking, craving, and motivations to drink or refrain from drinking. Conflict was related to attentional bias variability at the 800 ms Cue-Stimulus Interval. Further, a bias related to craving and risky drinking was found at the 400 ms Cue-Stimulus Interval. Thus, the selection of attentional responses was biased by predicted locations of expected salient stimuli. The results support a role of conflicting associations in attentional bias variability.

scholarly journals Experimental Control of Conflict in a Predictive Visual Probe Task: Highly Reliable Bias Scores Related to Anxiety

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Edward Gladwin ◽  
Monika Halls ◽  
Matthijs Vink
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Bias Score ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Visual Probe ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Angry Face

Concerns have been raised about the low reliability of measurements of spatial attentional bias via RT differences in dot-probe tasks. The anticipatory form of the bias, directed towards predicted future stimuli, appears to have relatively good reliability, reaching around .70. However, studies thus far have not attempted to experimentally control task-related influence on bias, which could further improve reliability. Evoking top-down versus bottom-up conflict may furthermore reveal associations with individual differences related to mental health. In the current study, a sample of 143 participants performed a predictive Visual Probe Task (predVPT) with angry and neutral face stimuli online. In this task, an automatic bias is induced via visually neutral cues that predict the location of an upcoming angry face. A task-relevant bias was induced via blockwise shifts in the likely location of target stimuli. The bias score resulting from these factors was calculated as RTs to target stimuli at locations of predicted but not actually presented angry versus neutral faces. Correlations were tested with anxiety, depression, self-esteem and aggression scales. An overall bias towards threat was found with a split-half reliability of.90, and .89 after outlier removal. Avoidance of threat in blocks with a task-relevant bias away from threat was correlated with anxiety, with correction for multiple testing. The same relationship was nominally significant for depression and low self-esteem. In conclusion, we showed high reliability of spatial attentional bias that was related to anxiety.

scholarly journals Trial-to-trial Carryover Effects on Spatial Attentional Bias

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Gladwin
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
The Other ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Subsequent Trial ◽  
Visual Probe ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Probe Location ◽  
Response Feedback

Visual Probe Tasks (VPTs) have been extensively used to measure spatial attentional biases, but as usually analysed, VPTs do not consider trial-to-trial carryover effects of probe location: Does responding to a probe on, e.g., the location of a threat cue affect the bias on the subsequent trial? The aim of the current study was to confirm whether this kind of carryover exists, using a novel task version, the diagonalized VPT, designed to focus on such trial-to-trial interactions. Two versions of the task were performed by a sample of college students. In one version cues were coloured squares; in the other, cues were threat-related and neutral images. Both versions included partially random positive or negative response feedback and varying Cue-Probe Intervals (200 or 600 ms). Carryover effects were found in both versions. Responding to a probe at the location of a cue of a given colour induced an attentional bias on the subsequent trial in the direction of that colour. Responding to a threat-related cue induced an attentional bias towards threat on the subsequent trial. The results provide evidence that trial-to-trial carryover effects on spatial attentional bias indeed exist. A methodological implication is that previous probe location could be considered in analyses or re-analyses of spatial visual attention tasks.

Visual disgust-elicitors produce an attentional blink independent of contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Perone ◽  
David Vaughn Becker ◽  
Joshua M. Tybur
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance

Multiple studies report that disgust-eliciting stimuli are perceived as salient and subsequently capture selective attention. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the nature of temporal attentional biases toward disgust-eliciting stimuli and to investigate the extent to which these biases are sensitive to contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance motives. Participants (N=116) performed in an Emotional Attentional Blink (EAB) task in which task-irrelevant disgust-eliciting, fear-eliciting, or neutral images preceded a target by 200, 500, or 800 milliseconds (i.e., lag two, five and eight respectively). They did so twice - once while not exposed to an odor, and once while exposed to either an odor that elicited disgust or an odor that did not - and completed a measure of disgust sensitivity. Results indicate that disgust-eliciting visual stimuli produced a greater attentional blink than neutral visual stimuli at lag two and a greater attentional blink than fear-eliciting visual stimuli at both lag two and at lag five. Neither the odor manipulations nor individual differences measures moderated this effect. We propose that visual attention is engaged for a longer period of time following disgust-eliciting stimuli because covert processes automatically initiate the evaluation of pathogen threats. The fact that state and trait pathogen avoidance do not influence this temporal attentional bias suggests that early attentional processing of pathogen cues is initiated independent from the context in which such cues are perceived.

scholarly journals Newborns’ sensitivity to speed changes as a building block for animacy perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Di Giorgio ◽  
Marco Lunghi ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Francesca Simion
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Visual Preference ◽  
Reverse Sequence ◽  
Motion Speed ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe human visual system can discriminate between animate beings vs. inanimate objects on the basis of some kinematic cues, such as starting from rest and speed changes by self-propulsion. The ontogenetic origin of such capability is still under debate. Here we investigate for the first time whether newborns manifest an attentional bias toward objects that abruptly change their speed along a trajectory as contrasted with objects that move at a constant speed. To this end, we systematically manipulated the motion speed of two objects. An object that moves with a constant speed was contrasted with an object that suddenly increases (Experiment 1) or with one that suddenly decreases its speed (Experiment 2). When presented with a single speed change, newborns did not show any visual preference. However, newborns preferred an object that abruptly increases and then decreases its speed (Experiment 3), but they did not show any visual preference for the reverse sequence pattern (Experiment 4). Overall, results are discussed in line with the hypothesis of the existence of attentional biases in newborns that trigger their attention towards some visual cues of motion that characterized animate perception in adults.

scholarly journals (263) School-Related Attentional Biases in Pediatric Chronic Pain: Initial Development and Validation of a Novel Attentional Bias Task

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. S41
Author(s):  
K. Jastrowski ◽  
R. Gibler ◽  
E. Beckmann ◽  
A. Lynch-Jordan ◽  
S. Kashikar-Zuck
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Pediatric Chronic Pain ◽  
Development And Validation

Does a Single Session of Training Modify Emotion-Induced Blindness?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandersan Onie ◽  
Chris Donkin ◽  
Steven Most
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Attentional Bias Modification ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bias Modification ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Emotion-Induced Blindness (EIB) is a robust phenomenon in which people fail to see targets that appear in spatiotemporal proximity to task-irrelevant emotional distractors. Evidence suggests that it involves different mechanisms than tasks widely used to assess attentional biases and their modification. To assess the utility of EIB as an attentional bias modification task, we investigated its malleability in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants trained to ignore negative distractors, ignore neutral distractors, or simply received equivalent exposure to negative distractors over 720 trials. Analyses revealed strong evidence against effects of training condition. Experiment 2 investigated whether training effects might emerge with EIB was tested at a longer distractor-target interval and added an additional, no-distractor comparison condition. Analyses of Experiment 2 provided some evidence that exposure to negative stimuli may reduce the impact of novel negative stimuli, which may hold implications for the wider attentional literature.

scholarly journals Perspectives on Modifying Attentional Biases Amongst Individuals with Tobacco Use Disorder Using Technology: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Choo
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Attention Bias Modification ◽  
Attentional Bias Modification ◽  
Bias Modification

Smoking remains a significant health problem. Attentional biases influence smoking behaviours, but have not been the target of psychosocial interventions. The first part of this perspective article will provide an overview of the theoretical constructs underlying attentional biases, methods of measuring attentional biases, and evidence for attentional bias modification amongst individuals with tobacco use disorders. The second part of this article will outline how the advent of technological advances could be harnessed in attentional bias modification for smokers. As there is potential for attentional bias training to be delivered via mobile app, literature was reviewed over the recent decade, 2009 to 2019, to examine available research evidence. The search terms were “web-based” or “mobile based”, and “attention bias modification” or “attentional bias” and “smoking” or “tobacco use”. The PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed databases were initially used to identify papers with the above-mentioned inclusion criteria. Five papers were included in the review. Lastly, an integrated perspective will be provided, from both clinical and research standpoints. In conclusion, more research is needed to address the gaps in knowledge and to provide an evidence base for the implementation of mobile phone technologies for attention retraining in smokers.

scholarly journals Manipulating entitativity affects implicit behavioral and neural attentional biases toward gay couples

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-287
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Dickter ◽  
Catherine A. Forestell ◽  
Nicholas Gupta ◽  
JoEllen J. Blass
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Gay Couples ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

This study investigated whether attentional bias toward homosexual couples differs as a function of the manipulation of perceived entitativity, the degree to which group members are perceived to share common values and pursue common goals. Across two experiments, heterosexual college students were randomly assigned to read statements that suggested that homosexual and heterosexual couples were either high or low in entitativity. Following this task, 199 participants completed a dot probe task in Experiment 1 and electroencephalogram (EEG) activity was recorded for 74 participants in Experiment 2 to measure the implicit attentional processing that resulted from viewing pictures of gay, lesbian, and straight couples. Results indicated that participants exposed to low entitativity statements directed less behavioral and neural attention toward gay relative to straight couples compared to those exposed to high entitativity statements. Given the apparent malleability of attentional biases, future research should strive to better understand the factors involved in reducing attentional bias, and by extension, discriminatory behaviors toward minority groups.

Drinking Motives as Mediators of the Associations Between Alcohol Expectancies and Risky Drinking Behaviors Among High School Students

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryne Van Tyne ◽  
Byron L. Zamboanga ◽  
Lindsay S. Ham ◽  
Janine V. Olthuis ◽  
Nnamdi Pole
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Alcohol Expectancies ◽  
Drinking Motives ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
School Students ◽  
Drinking Behaviors
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