Facies models of hydrocarbon-bearing formations of Podneytinskiy reservoir at Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields

Background. Significant part of hydrocarbons at Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields are contained in Podneytinskiy reservoir, and study of geological features of its productive strata is important for development planning for the fields in a whole. Aim. The paper reflects the results of integrating well and seismic data to characterize the formations of Podneytinskiy reservoir at Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields. Materials and methods. As part of the study, sedimentological description of core was analyzed, the core, well logging and seismic survey information were assessed, and the facies schemes were prepared. Results. As a result of the work, the reservoir architecture features and the distribution of reservoir properties of the target interval were revealed. It has been established that the considered formations of Podneytinskiy reservoir can be divided into two parts, the lower one is represented by deposits of predominantly deltaic origin, and the upper one is of continental and subcontinental genesis. The sedimentary conditions of rocks influenced the complexity of their architecture, so, in the formations referred to the lower part of the studied interval, the reservoirs, as a rule, are laterally continuous, in contrast to the deposits of the upper part of the section, which are typically characterized by extremely high lateral heterogeneity. Depositional conditions also influenced the reservoir properties of productive sediments. As a result of the work, it was revealed that the reservoirs of better quality are formed in fluvial and tidal channels, distributary channels and proximal parts of deltas, they have higher reservoir properties, are characterized by thicker sandstone interlayers and lower portion of carbonated interlayers in comparison with reservoirs formed in other conditions. Conclusions. The article provides quantitative characteristics of reservoir properties depending on sedimentary conditions. The results obtained form the basis for creation of geological models of Bovanenkovskoye and Kharasaveyskoye fields.

In Search of Salience: Focus Detection in the Speech of Different Talkers

Many different prosodic cues can help listeners predict upcoming speech. However, no research to date has assessed listeners’ processing of preceding prosody from different speakers. The present experiments examine (1) whether individual speakers (of the same language variety) are likely to vary in their production of preceding prosody; (2) to the extent that there is talker variability, whether listeners are flexible enough to use any prosodic cues signaled by the individual speaker; and (3) whether types of prosodic cues (e.g., F0 versus duration) vary in informativeness. Using a phoneme-detection task, we examined whether listeners can entrain to different combinations of preceding prosodic cues to predict where focus will fall in an utterance. We used unsynthesized sentences recorded by four female native speakers of Australian English who happened to have used different preceding cues to produce sentences with prosodic focus: a combination of pre-focus overall duration cues, F0 and intensity (mean, maximum, range), and longer pre-target interval before the focused word onset (Speaker 1), only mean F0 cues, mean and maximum intensity, and longer pre-target interval (Speaker 2), only pre-target interval duration (Speaker 3), and only pre-focus overall duration and maximum intensity (Speaker 4). Listeners could entrain to almost every speaker’s cues (the exception being Speaker 4’s use of only pre-focus overall duration and maximum intensity), and could use whatever cues were available even when one of the cue sources was rendered uninformative. Our findings demonstrate both speaker variability and listener flexibility in the processing of prosodic focus.

Time-based task expectancy: perceptual task indicator expectancy or expectancy of post-perceptual task components?

The temporal predictability of upcoming events plays a crucial role in the adjustment of anticipatory cognitive control in multitasking. Previous research has demonstrated that task switching performance improved if tasks were validly predictable by a pre-target interval. Hence, far, the underlying cognitive processes of time-based task expectancy in task switching have not been clearly defined. The present study investigated whether the effect of time-based expectancy is due to expectancy of post-perceptual task components or rather due to facilitation of perceptual visual processing of the coloured task indicator. Participants performed two numeric judgment tasks (parity vs. magnitude), which were each indicated by two different colours. Each task was either more or less frequently preceded by one of two intervals (500 ms or 1500 ms). Tasks were indicated either by colours that were each more frequently (or in Exp. 1 also less frequently) paired with the interval or by colours that were equally frequent for each interval. Participants only responded faster when colour and task were predictable by time (expected colour), not when the task alone was predictable (neutral colour). Hence, our results speak in favour of perceptual time-based task indicator expectancy being the underlying cognitive mechanism of time-based expectancy in the task switching paradigm.

Effects of cue validity on the temporal dynamics of attentional selection

Visual attention can be allocated to locations or objects, leading to enhanced processing of the specific location (space-based effects) or specific object (object-based effects). Object-based effects are smaller and less robust than space-based effects and prone to large individual differences. Moreover, the temporal dynamics of object-based effects have been found to differ largely between individuals. Studies on space- and object-based effects are often based on a two-rectangle paradigm with target distribution biased to the cued location. To assess whether and how the target's spatial probability modulates the temporal dynamics of attentional effects, we manipulated cue validity from 80% over 50% to 33% in three experiments. We investigated the temporal dynamics of space- and object-based effects on group level and for individual participants. We observed that the magnitude and the prevalence of space-based effects heavily decrease with reduced cue validity. The low prevalence of object-based effects did not change across experiments, as independent of cue validity, only a few participants showed significant effects in each cue-to-target interval. Our results highlight that cue validity is a key factor for the strength and prevalence of space-based effects but does not account for the low prevalence of object-based effects.

Solving the Inverse Problem of Geomechanical Monitoring to Improve the Efficiency of Field Development

The purpose of geomechanical monitoring at mineral deposits, including oil and gas, is to control the state of the rock mass, forecast possible risks and complications at all stages of the field's life: reservoir and caprock integrity failure, violation of the integrity of drilling and system of well completion, infrastructure facilities. The paper suggests approaches to the organization of a geomechanical monitoring system based on observations of displacements and deformations of the ground surface (or seafloor) during the development of reservoir and target interval. There are analytical and numerical approaches have been tested on simple models with pore pressure changes, considering the heterogeneity of elastic-strength properties.

Successful Implementation of Blast Joint Perforation Technology in a Dual String Completion

The results of computer simulations and laboratory tests have been applied at Porth field in Nigeria to achieve a successful perforation through a blast joint to access hydrocarbon behind pipe. Accessing hydrocarbons behind pipe in multizone completions can be difficult. The options are; an expensive rig-based workover or a cost-effective, rigless, through-tubing perforation. For a rigless through-tubing option, the detonated perforation charges must pass through a blast joint, the casing and the cement and then into the target reservoir. The major concern is usually whether there will be enough penetration {Burky 2018} into the target reservoir interval, given the layers of material resistance that the charges will have to overcome, starting at the blast joint. The Blast joint has a higher wall thickness and a larger outer diameter than that of the conventional tubing string to mitigate against erosion from producing the target interval behind pipe. The goal in perforation operations is achieving the maximum production while reducing perforation damage. {Jackson 2016}. Computer simulations and laboratory tests for a well at Porth field in Nigeria were carried out to determine the potential for successful perforation through a blast joint to access hydrocarbon behind pipe. Coupon tests using different gun sizes and charges where simulated and tested to ascertain the most effective option to achieve the desired reservoir penetration. Both computer simulations and laboratory test results showed that a reasonable depth of penetration into the target reservoir interval was possible to achieve. The perforation job using a 1.56-in., six-shots-per-foot (6 spf), 60° phasing gun was successfully carried out and the well has been tested to a potential of 780bbl/d at a tubing head pressure of 943psi and choke size 20/64th. This success lays the foundation for going after other similar opportunities locked in behind-pipe previously thought inaccessible owing to the presence of a blast joint across the target interval. Associated rig costs for a workover of up to $10 million can be saved on each opportunity using this approach.

The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations

A functional benefit of attention is to proactively enhance perceptual sensitivity in space and time. Although attentional orienting has traditionally been associated with cortico-thalamic networks, recent evidence has shown that individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD) show a reduced reaction time benefit from cues that enable temporal anticipation. The present study examined whether the cerebellum contributes to the proactive attentional modulation in time of perceptual sensitivity. We tested CD participants on a non-speeded, challenging perceptual discrimination task, asking if they benefit from temporal cues. Strikingly, the CD group showed no duration-specific perceptual sensitivity benefit when cued by repeated but aperiodic presentation of the target interval. In contrast, they performed similar to controls when cued by a rhythmic stream. This dissociation further specifies the functional domain of the cerebellum and establishes its role in the attentional adjustment of perceptual sensitivity in time in addition to its well-documented role in motor timing.

Does a Single Session of Training Modify Emotion-Induced Blindness?

Emotion-Induced Blindness (EIB) is a robust phenomenon in which people fail to see targets that appear in spatiotemporal proximity to task-irrelevant emotional distractors. Evidence suggests that it involves different mechanisms than tasks widely used to assess attentional biases and their modification. To assess the utility of EIB as an attentional bias modification task, we investigated its malleability in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants trained to ignore negative distractors, ignore neutral distractors, or simply received equivalent exposure to negative distractors over 720 trials. Analyses revealed strong evidence against effects of training condition. Experiment 2 investigated whether training effects might emerge with EIB was tested at a longer distractor-target interval and added an additional, no-distractor comparison condition. Analyses of Experiment 2 provided some evidence that exposure to negative stimuli may reduce the impact of novel negative stimuli, which may hold implications for the wider attentional literature.

The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations

A functional benefit of attention is to proactively enhance perceptual sensitivity in space and time. Although attentional orienting has traditionally been associated with cortico-thalamic networks, recent evidence has shown that individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD) show a reduced reaction time benefit from cues that enable temporal anticipation. While this deficit may reflect impairment in anticipatory motor preparation, it could also arise from cerebellar contribution to attentional modulation in time of perceptual sensitivity. To examine this, we tested CD participants on a non-speeded, challenging perceptual discrimination task, asking if they benefit from temporal cues. Strikingly, the CD group showed no duration-specific perceptual sensitivity benefit when cued by repeated but aperiodic presentation of the target interval. In contrast, they performed similar to controls when cued by a rhythmic stream. This dissociation further specifies the functional domain of the cerebellum and establishes its role in the attentional adjustment of perceptual sensitivity in time.

Physical modeling of the Bazhenov formation in combination with CSEM and seismic methods

To predict the properties of the Bazhenov formation and to identify the areas in which oil deposits are localized the use of electrical prospecting methods is promising. The main goal of the current research is to evaluate the effectiveness of using Controlled Source Electro Magnetics (CSEM) exploration for the area forecast of the properties of the Bazhenov formation. The main objectives of physical modeling in this research are: Creation of an isotropic physical model corresponding to the electrical and elastic parameters of the section of the studied area, and performing 3D modeling on it with survey parameters that reproduce real seismic and CSEM surveys To convince that the contrast of the elastic properties and the ratio of the resistivity of the target interval of the Bazhenov formation and overlying rocks in the created physical model corresponds to the real petrophysical characteristics of the section of the studied area; Obtaining initial data for testing algorithms for synchronous inversion of seismic + electric and testing various approaches to processing and interpretation of CSEM and 3D seismic data.