scholarly journals Math = Male, Me = Female, therefore Math ≠ Me

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
College Major ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Math Attitudes ◽  
Implicit Identity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the role of group membership (being female or male), implicit identity with social groups (me=male/female), and math-gender stereotypes (math=male) in predicting implicit math attitudes (math=good) and math identity (math=me). In addition, we investigated the relationship between implicit and explicit preferences and SAT performance. College students demonstrated negativity toward math and science relative to arts and language on implicit measures. Women showed greater implicit negativity toward math than men did, even in a sample that had selected a math-intensive college major. In addition, associations of math with male and the self with gender related to implicit math attitudes, but those relationships were directly opposing for men and women. Stronger math=male associations corresponded with more negative math attitudes for women, but more positive math attitudes for men. Finally, both implicit and explicit math attitudes were predictive of SAT performance. These results point to the opportunities and constraints on personal preferences that derive from membership in social groups.

scholarly journals Measuring Implicit Intergroup Biases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin K. Lai ◽  
Megan Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Intergroup Biases ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Real World Problems

Implicit intergroup biases are automatically activated prejudices and stereotypes that may influence judgments of others on the basis of group membership. We review evidence on the measurement of implicit intergroup biases, finding: implicit intergroup biases reflect the personal and the cultural, implicit measures vary in reliability and validity, and implicit measures vary greatly in their prediction of explicit and behavioral outcomes due to theoretical and methodological moderators. We then discuss three challenges to the application of implicit intergroup biases to real‐world problems: (1) a lack of research on social groups of scientific and public interest, (2) developing implicit measures with diagnostic capabilities, and (3) resolving ongoing ambiguities in the relationship between implicit bias and behavior. Making progress on these issues will clarify the role of implicit intergroup biases in perpetuating inequality.

scholarly journals Girls’ Stuff? Maternal Gender Stereotypes and Their Daughters’ Fear

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje B. M. Gerdes ◽  
Laura-Ashley Fraunfelter ◽  
Melissa Braband ◽  
Georg W. Alpers
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Parental Gender ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Fear

One of the most robust findings in psychopathology is the fact that specific phobias are more prevalent in women than in men. Although there are several theoretical accounts for biological and social contributions to this gender difference, empirical data are surprisingly limited. Interestingly, there is evidence that individuals with stereotypical feminine characteristics are more fearful than those with stereotypical masculine characteristics; this is beyond biological sex. Because gender role stereotypes are reinforced by parental behavior, we aimed to examine the relationship of maternal gender stereotypes and children’s fear. Dyads of 38 mothers and their daughters (between ages 6 and 10) were included. We assessed maternal implicit and explicit gender stereotypes as well as their daughters’ self-reported general fearfulness, specific fear of snakes, and approach behavior toward a living snake. First, mothers’ fear of snakes significantly correlated with their daughters’ fear of snakes. Second, mothers’ gender stereotypes significantly correlated with their daughters’ self-reported fear. Specifically, maternal implicit gender stereotypes were associated with daughters’ fear of snakes and fear ratings in response to the snake. Moreover, in children, self-reported fear correlated with avoidance of the fear-relevant animal. Together, these results provide first evidence for a potential role of parental gender stereotypes in the development and maintenance of fear in their offspring.

Indian study shows that encouraging knowledge sharing at work can help spark innovative behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Innovative Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Indian Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The authors wanted to find out the most important mechanisms for encouraging innovative behavior in the Indian manufacturing sector. Design/methodology/approach The researchers collected data from Indian manufacturing organizations. They distributed questionnaires and received 288 complete ones. Items measured critical concepts. For OJ one example was “I have been fairly rewarded for the effort I put forth”. For KS, one sample was, “When I have learned something new, I tell my colleagues about it” and, “When they have learned something new, my colleagues tell me about it”. Meanwhile, IB was measured using items such as “I generate original solutions for problems”. Findings It highlighted the pivotal role of OJ in bolstering employees’ IB. When companies treat employees fairly, it encourages positive social interactions that lead to perceptions of supportiveness and trustworthiness. Employees reciprocate these sentiments with positive behavior. The study also showed the positive predictive influence of KS on IB. Finally, the results showed that the relationship between OJ and IB is complex, but KS is a pivotal mediator. Promotion of OJ, KS and IM is “vital” to spark innovation. Originality/value The authors felt their most important finding was to highlight the critical role of the underlying mechanism of KS, which is where individuals exchange implicit and explicit knowledge to create new knowledge. In addition, previous researchers have looked at the role of organizational justice in encouraging innovative behavior, but evidence from non-Western countries is scarce.

Undergraduate Prescription Stimulant Misuse and Academic Strain: The Role of College Major and Graduate School Plans

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren B. Norman ◽  
Jason A. Ford
Keyword(s):  
College Major ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prescription Stimulants ◽  
Prescription Stimulant Misuse ◽  
Education Plans ◽  
School Plans ◽  
The Relationship

The literature has shown that undergraduates engage in the misuse of prescription stimulants in large part to meet academic demands and as an attempt to alleviate academic stress. The current study examined the relationship between misusing prescription stimulants for academic purposes and academic strains (academic stress, grade strain, and academic impediments) to determine whether prescription stimulant misuse (PSM) and the types of academic strains experienced by undergraduates differed based on their college major and postgraduate education plans. We utilized survey data that had been collected from 924 students at a large southeastern university in 2014, which specifically assessed for PSM. Results indicated significant differences in the misuse of prescription stimulants based on the types of academic strains experienced, college major, and postgraduate education plans. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Rouel ◽  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Evelyn Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Contamination Fear ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation have consistently been found to be involved in contamination aversion. However, evidence of the involvement of these factors at the implicit level is mixed, and the role of both responses has not been looked at concurrently. This study aimed to compare the ability of implicit and explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation to predict contamination aversion and whether this depends on the type of contaminant. Sixty-five participants completed explicit and implicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation, as well as several measures of contamination aversion, including obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and contamination fear and avoidance of contaminants directly associated with disease (direct contaminants) and harmful substances (harm contaminants). It was found that both explicit disgust and explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination-fear obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Explicit disgust predicted contamination fear and avoidance of direct contaminants, whereas explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination fear and avoidance of harm contaminants. The involvement of implicit processes was weak, with some suggestion of difficulty disengaging predicting avoidance of contaminants. Implications for understanding dysfunctional contamination aversion are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Emotion Discourse and Pathic Stigma in the Delegitimization of Consumer Practices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Valor ◽  
Javier Lloveras ◽  
Eleni Papaoikonomou
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Discursive Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Drawing on institutional theory and discursive psychology, this article elucidates how actors use emotion discourse to undermine the legitimacy of consumer practices. Based on an empirical investigation of the bullfighting controversy in Spain, our work shows how activists engage in the production and circulation of compelling emotional prototypes of their adversaries. Such emotional prototypes constitute the discursive foundations of a pathic stigma, which, once established, taints the identity of the social groups associated with the practice. Our work frames the centrality of pathic stigmatization as a cultural mechanism mediating the relationship between emotion discourse and the subsequent delegitimization of consumer practices. We make three key contributions to the literature: we advance a rhetorical perspective on emotions and their role in deinstitutionalization processes; we further develop the theory of marketplace sentiments by showing how sentiments operate downstream; and we provide evidence of the sociocultural mechanisms underpinning the emotional vilification, stereotyping and stigmatization of consumer collectives.

What if a college major isn’t enough? Cognitive skills and the relationship between US college majors and earnings

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 410-420
Author(s):  
Karly S. Ford ◽  
Junghee Choi ◽  
David P. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
College Major ◽  
The United States ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
College Majors ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

Policy discussions in the United States on the link between college majors and earnings have under-appreciated the role of cognitive skills. This study uses the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, a unique data set that contains information on individual cognitive skills, college majors and earnings to investigate the relationships between them. The authors find that variation in numeracy and literacy skills is significantly associated with earnings for graduates of the same major. Also, there is an interactional effect between majors and cognitive skills to explain earnings. The findings shed light on the importance of considering cognitive skills when assessing the relationship between college majors and labour market outcomes.

scholarly journals The Role of Disgust in Homosexuality Judgments

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
C. Nega ◽  
L. Pateraki ◽  
N. Saranti ◽  
A. Pasia
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Disgust Sensitivity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Neutral Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Background: There is a continuing debate on whether emotions underlie moral judgments. Recent studies have shown that emotions, and particularly disgust, play an important role in moral judgments. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of induced disgust on implicit and explicit judgments of homosexuality and to examine the relationship between those judgments and disgust sensitivity. Method: Sixty-four college students were presented with a neutral or disgust inducing slideshow and a scenario describing homosexual or heterosexual couples French kissing in public. Implicit and explicit disapproval of public French kissing was measured along with disgust sensitivity. Results: The findings revealed that participants in the induced disgust condition showed greater implicit, but not explicit, disapproval of both homosexual and heterosexual public French kissing, compared to those in the neutral conditions. Homosexual public French kissing was implicitly judged more harshly than heterosexual public French kissing. With regard to disgust sensitivity, results revealed its contribution to implicit judgements. Conclusion: Present findings add to the existing literature by showing that disgust plays a role in the formation of implicit judgments of sexual behavior. Theoretical considerations accounting for the role of disgust in relation to the intentionality of moral actions are discussed.

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