scholarly journals The Impact of Sexism on Leadership in Female-Male Climbing Dyads

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Kulich ◽  
Soledad de Lemus ◽  
Pilar Montañés Muro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Leadership Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mixed Gender

We investigated how sexism affected leadership in mixed-gender alpine climbing-dyads. We asked whether benevolent sexism would impair, and hostile sexism would increase (as a form of resistance) women’s leadership; and whether benevolent sexism would increase men’s leadership (as a form of paternalism). A correlational study assessed reported leading behaviour of alpine climbers. Then a vignette-based experiment presented climbers with cross-gender targets of which three were sexist (non-feminist), and one feminist (non-sexist) and assessed leading intentions depending on targets’ and participants’ gender attitudes. Findings showed that women endorsing benevolent sexism indicated lower leading intentions with targets expressing benevolent sexism (i.e., benevolent and ambivalent men) as compared to hostile sexist men. Moreover, women’s benevolent sexism negatively affected their leading intentions with men endorsing the same gender ideology. Unexpectedly, women with low endorsement of hostile sexism reported higher leading intentions with a hostile sexist man than an ambivalent one, and with an ambivalent than a benevolent man. Conversely, men intended to lead more with female targets who expressed benevolent sexism, accommodating these women’s expectations. Further, men intended to lead more with ambivalent women, than with women deviating from gender stereotypes (i.e., feminist women, or hostile sexist women - who lack benevolence expected based on gender stereotypes). We conclude that benevolent sexism likely reinforces traditional gender roles in a leadership context when men face women who fit the gender stereotype; and when women are benevolent sexist, themselves. Moreover, low hostile sexist women, confront men’s hostility with higher leading intentions, as a form of resistance.

scholarly journals The impact of sexism on leadership in female-male climbing dyads

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Kulich ◽  
Soledad de Lemus ◽  
Pilar Montañés
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Leadership Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mixed Gender

We investigated how sexism affected leadership in mixed-gender alpine climbing-dyads. We asked whether benevolent sexism would impair, and hostile sexism would increase (as a form of resistance) women’s leadership; and whether benevolent sexism would increase men’s leadership (as a form of paternalism). A correlational study assessed reported leading behaviour of alpine climbers. Then a vignette-based experiment presented climbers with cross-gender targets, of which three were sexist (non-feminist), and one feminist (non-sexist), and assessed leading intentions depending on targets’ and participants’ gender attitudes. Findings showed that women endorsing benevolent sexism indicated lower leading intentions with targets expressing benevolent sexism (i.e., benevolent and ambivalent men) as compared to hostile sexist men. Moreover, women’s benevolent sexism negatively affected their leading intentions with men endorsing the same gender ideology. Unexpectedly, women with low endorsement of hostile sexism reported higher leading intentions with a hostile sexist man than an ambivalent one, and with an ambivalent than a benevolent man. Conversely, men intended to lead more with female targets who expressed benevolent sexism, accommodating these women’s expectations. Further, men intended to lead more with ambivalent women, than with women deviating from gender stereotypes (i.e., feminist women, or hostile sexist women – who lack expected benevolence based on gender stereotypes). We conclude that benevolent sexism likely reinforces traditional gender roles in a leadership context when men face women who fit the gender stereotype; and when women are benevolently sexist, themselves. Moreover, low hostile sexist women confront men’s hostility with higher leading intentions, as a form of resistance.

The Effect of Priming Gender Roles on Women’s Implicit Gender Beliefs and Career Aspirations

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie A. Rudman ◽  
Julie E. Phelan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Leadership ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Male Nurse ◽  
Contrast Exposure ◽  
Female Nurse ◽  
Successful Women

We investigated the effect of priming gender roles on women’s implicit gender stereotypes, implicit leadership self-concept, and interest in masculine and feminine careers. Women primed with traditional gender roles (e.g., a male surgeon and a female nurse) showed increased automatic gender stereotypes relative to controls; this effect mediated their reduced interest in masculine occupations. By contrast, exposure to nontraditional roles (e.g., a female surgeon and a male nurse) decreased women’s leadership self-concept and lowered their interest in masculine occupations, suggesting that female vanguards (i.e., successful women in male-dominated careers) can provoke upward comparison threat, rather than inspire self-empowerment. Thus, priming either traditional or nontraditional gender roles can threaten progress toward gender equality, albeit through different mechanisms (stereotypes or self-concept, respectively).

scholarly journals The Use of Partial Least Squares–Path Modelling to Understand the Impact of Ambivalent Sexism on Violence-Justification among Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 4991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Fasanelli ◽  
Ida Galli ◽  
Maria Gabriella Grassia ◽  
Marina Marino ◽  
Rosanna Cataldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
The Impact

Gender violence is generally conceived as a phenomenon concerning only adults. Nonetheless, it is also perpetrated within teenagers’ relationships, as many empirical studies have shown. We therefore have focused our attention on a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 400 adolescents living in Naples (Italy), to study the association between sexism and the justification of violent attitudes. Generally, sexism is recognised as a discriminatory attitude towards people, based on their biological sex. However, it is conventional to talk about sexism as a prejudice against women. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) for adolescents was used to evaluate the two dimensions of ambivalent sexism, i.e., hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS). Moreover, the questionnaire regarding attitudes towards diversity and violence (CADV) was administered to assess participants’ attitudes towards violence. A Partial Least Square–Second Order Path Model reveals that girls’ ambivalent sexism is affected more by benevolent sexism than hostile sexism. On the contrary, among boys, hostile sexism has a higher impact. Finally, benevolent sexist girls justify domestic violence more than boys do.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism as a mediator for sex role orientation and gender stereotypes in romantic relationships: A study in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferzan Curun ◽  
Ebru Taysi ◽  
Fatih Orcan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examined the mediating effects of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent) in the relationship between sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) and gender stereotypes (dominance and assertiveness) in college students. The variables were measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), and the Attitudes toward Gender Stereotypes in Romantic Relationships Scale (AGSRRS). These inventories were administered to 250 undergraduate students at Istanbul University in Istanbul and Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey. Results indicate that benevolent sexism mediates the relationship between hostile sexism and male dominance. Benevolent sexism also mediates femininity and male dominance, as well as femininity and male assertiveness. Hostile sexism was mediated only between the masculine personality trait and benevolent sexism. The present findings expand the literature on sex role orientation by revealing evidence that masculine and feminine individuals experience ambivalent sexism distinctively. The results are discussed in terms of the assumptions of sex role orientation, ambivalent sexism, and gender stereotypes.

Gender Attitudes and Candidate Preferences in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Primary and General Elections

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Meri T. Long ◽  
Ryan Dawe ◽  
Elizabeth Suhay
Keyword(s):  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Presidential Primary ◽  
Electoral Choice ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Scholars increasingly recognize that voters’ attitudes about gender shape their electoral preferences. Yet previous research has not captured important nuances of the relationship between gender attitudes and electoral choice. We argue that the effects of gender attitudes are not unidirectional and interact in complex ways with voters’ perceptions of candidates, depending not only on candidates’ sex but also on their gender-relevant characteristics and values. We draw on an original survey of Americans during the 2016 elections that measured three gender attitudes—hostile sexism, modern sexism, and traditional gender roles—and evaluations of primary and general election candidates. Our study design increases analytical leverage by examining actual and hypothetical candidate matchups. We find that among Democrats, hostile sexists were drawn to Bernie Sanders, but gender traditionalists preferred Hillary Clinton. Our results also suggest that if Sanders had been the Democratic nominee, gender egalitarians would have strongly supported him over Donald Trump, as they did Clinton.

Hostile and Benevolent Sexism

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Glick ◽  
Susan T. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
Traditional Roles

A theory of sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and “ benevolent” sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the ASI and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.

scholarly journals An Educational Intervention Designed to Increase Women's Leadership Self-Efficacy

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Isaac ◽  
Anna Kaatz ◽  
Barbara Lee ◽  
Molly Carnes
Keyword(s):  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Transtheoretical Model ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Personal Mastery ◽  
Engineering Mathematics ◽  
The Impact

Women are sparsely represented in leadership in academic science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). Cultural stereotypes about men, women, and leaders influence the attitudes, judgments, and decisions that others make about women and the choices women make for themselves. Multilevel interventions are needed to counteract the impact of these pervasive and easily activated stereotypes, which conspire in multiple ways to constrain women's entry, persistence, and advancement in academic STEMM. We describe an individual-level educational intervention. Using the transtheoretical model of behavioral change as a framework, we assessed the success of a semester course on increasing women's leadership self-efficacy for the first three cohorts of course participants (n = 30). Pre/post questionnaires showed gains in leadership self-efficacy, personal mastery, and self-esteem, and decreases in perceived constraints. Qualitative text analysis of weekly journals indicated increasing leadership self-efficacy as course participants applied course information and integrated strategies to mitigate the impact of societal stereotypes into their own leadership practices. Follow-up queries of the first two cohorts supported the enduring value of course participation. We conclude that providing strategies to recognize and mitigate the impact of gender stereotypes is effective in increasing leadership self-efficacy in women at early stages of academic STEMM careers.

scholarly journals Integrating Gender Issues into the Teaching of Art Appreciation at University Level

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Fu-Ju Yang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Art Appreciation ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
University Level ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the present study is to integrate gender equality education into the university art appreciation curriculum. Through a process of pedagogical research, the study explores how the incorporation of gender issues into the curriculum can help to enhance both students’ gender awareness and their art appreciation capabilities. During the process of implementing the research, use was made of analysis of students’ learning sheets and feedback forms, along with class observation, interviews and reflective journal writing, to examine the effects of integrating gender issues into university-level art appreciation teaching and the impact on students. The research results - both in terms of the quantitative questionnaires and qualitative data and reports - showed that there had been an improvement in both students' awareness of gender issues and their art appreciation capabilities. With regard to awareness of gender issues, students were able to: understand how traditional gender roles affect individuals' learning and development; appreciate that housework responsibilities should be shared; realize that, when faced with gender discrimination in the workplace, one can choose to use one's actions and attitude to demonstrate one's capabilities; recognize the need to work through the family, the media, the legal system, the education system etc. to change people's preconceptions; realize that compensation should be based on ability, not gender; demonstrate respect for transgender people. The students felt that it was important for the curriculum to give them the opportunity to reflect, to change, to progress, and to not be constrained by gender, in order for everyone to be able to develop their full potential. In regard to art appreciation, students were able to use description, analysis, interpretation and judgment to appreciate art works, films etc. of different types. Finally, the students were also able to utilize the methods of art appreciation to analyze short films that embody or challenge gender stereotypes, and to identify examples of gender stereotyping. The students reported having had their awareness of gender stereotypes raised, and were able to compile reports that demonstrated an enhanced awareness of gender issues.

scholarly journals Does gender affect business continuity? An analysis with hierarchical modeling

Nova Scientia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeyle Ortiz Rodríguez ◽  
Esteban Picazzo Palencia ◽  
Elías Alvarado Lagunas
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Business World ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Gender differences, which are socially and culturally created, determine how women and men will perform and the more appropriate activities for each person. As cultural and social aspects emphasize the differences in men’ and women’s roles, culture and gender stereotypes may influence the difference in the probability of success of business headed by men or women. The objective of this article is to explore whether the impact of the determinants of micro-businesses continuity varies between men and women in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Mexico.Method: We use hierarchical modeling with Bernoulli distribution using the sex of the micro entrepreneur as a variable in the second level.Results: Results indicate that sex moderates the effect of schooling, having the micro-business to exercise his or her career or profession, if the micro-entrepreneur is willing to change the business activity to a job with similar income, but with access to social security, and if the micro-business is in the manufacturing sector.Discussion: Women entrepreneurs can feel disadvantaged as entrepreneurs or make choices that emphasize traditional gender roles. As a consequence, the social and cultural restrictions faced by women restrict their participation and performance in the business world.

scholarly journals How do spouses’ levels of ambivalent sexism predict allocations of household chores? Probing why women still perform most of the work in the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
Katherine Gerst ◽  
Alan Reifman ◽  
Sylvia Niehuis ◽  
Dana Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Married Individuals

This study’s main objective was to examine whether, in a U.S. sample, ambivalent sexism would show stronger associations with heterosexual husbands and wives’ housework division (hours and proportion) than have previous gender-ideology measures. Unlike earlier conceptions of sexism emphasizing hostile and negative stereotypical views toward women, ambivalent sexism combines the two dimensions of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism (seemingly positive views and behaviors toward women that nevertheless convey underlying paternalistic and patronizing motivations). We hypothesized that male and female respondents high in both hostile and benevolent sexism would report the typical pattern of wives’ housework exceeding their husbands’, whereas those lower in hostile or benevolent sexism would report less housework being performed by wives. Married individuals (N = 249) were recruited via advertisements on Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform and announcements at a university to complete an online survey. Several variables were measured, including own and spouse’s housework hours, hostile and benevolent sexism, and demographic control variables previously associated with housework allocation. An interaction emerged for women, in which those high in benevolent, but low in hostile, sexism reported performing the highest proportion of housework, whereas those low in both forms of sexism performed the lowest proportion. These results provided full or partial support for different aspects of our hypotheses. Men reported greater housework (hours and proportion) the more hours their wife worked outside the house. Discussion examines implications for ambivalent sexism theory, housework sharing, and conceptions of sexism.

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