Rape avoidance over the menstrual cycle: An examination of the underlying psychological and physiological mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Ryder ◽  
John Maltby ◽  
Heather D Flowe
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Rape Avoidance ◽  
Physical Danger ◽  
Fertile Women

Fertile women may have inherent rape-avoidance mechanisms according to past research, with women differentially responding to a scenario implying rape compared to a control scenario when fertile (Petralia & Gallup, 2002). However, it is unclear whether these results mean that fertile women are responding to rape cues specifically, or physical danger cues more generally. Furthermore, the psychological and physiological mechanisms that motivate risk aversion are unknown. In this study, naturally cycling (NC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) using females (N = 32) participated at two specific points of their menstrual cycle; during a phase of low and peak fertility in NC participants. Psychological and physiological responses to Petralia and Gallup’s (2002) original two scenarios, as well as three new scenarios, varying in risk of rape versus physical danger, were measured. HC participants’ responses did not fluctuate across testing sessions. For NC participants, there was an interaction between fertility status and scenario-type: handgrip was stronger for women when fertile following all scenarios involving males, even if there was no risk of rape or physical danger depicted. The results, therefore, indicate women are more responsive to scenarios involving men during peak fertility.

1258: Normative Androgens Values Throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Fertile Women with Normal Sexual Function

2005 ◽  
Vol 173 (4S) ◽  
pp. 341-341
Author(s):  
Andrea Salonia ◽  
Marina Pontillo ◽  
Fabio Fabbri ◽  
Giuseppe Zanni ◽  
Rita Daverio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Fertile Women

scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study

Endocrines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Johanna K. Ihalainen ◽  
Ida Löfberg ◽  
Anna Kotkajuuri ◽  
Heikki Kyröläinen ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Training

Sex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 9). In addition, 72-h dietary and training logs were collected in addition to blood samples, which were analyzed for 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), leptin, total ghrelin, insulin, and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Measurements were completed at four time-points (phases): Bleeding, mid-follicular (FP)/active 1, ovulation (OVU)/active 2, mid-luteal (LP)/inactive in NHC/CHC, respectively. As expected, E2 and P4 fluctuated significantly in NHC (p < 0.05) and remained stable in CHC. In NHC, leptin increased significantly between bleeding and ovulation (p = 0.030) as well as between FP and OVU (p = 0.022). No group differences in other measured hormones were observed across the MC and HC cycle. The mean EI and EA were similar between phases, with no significant differences observed in macronutrient intake over either the MC or HC. While the MC phase might have a small, but statistically significant effect on leptin, the findings of the present study suggest that the MC or HC phase does not significantly alter ad libitum EI or EA in recreational athletes.

Development of the first urinary reproductive hormone ranges referenced to independently determined ovulation day

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Johnson ◽  
Sarah Weddell ◽  
Sonya Godbert ◽  
Guenter Freundl ◽  
Judith Roos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Reproductive Hormone ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Daily Urine ◽  
Follicle Size ◽  
Status Information ◽  
Progesterone Metabolite ◽  
Level Analysis

AbstractUrinary hormone level analysis provides valuable fertility status information; however, previous studies have not referenced levels to the ovulation day, or have used outdated methods. This study aimed to produce reproductive hormone ranges referenced to ovulation day determined by ultrasound.Women aged 18–40 years (no reported infertility) collected daily urine samples for one complete menstrual cycle. Urinary luteinising hormone (LH), estrone-3-glucuronide (E3G, an estradiol metabolite), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (P3G, a progesterone metabolite) were measured using previously validated assays. Volunteers underwent trans-vaginal ultrasound every 2 days until the dominant ovarian follicle size reached 16 mm, when daily scans were performed until ovulation was observed. Data were analysed to create hormone ranges referenced to the day of objective ovulation as determined by ultrasound.In 40 volunteers, mean age 28.9 years, urinary LH surge always preceded ovulation with a mean of 0.81 days; thus LH is an excellent assay-independent predictor of ovulation. The timing of peak LH was assay-dependent and could be post-ovulatory; therefore should no longer be used to predict/determine ovulation. Urinary P3G rose from baseline after ovulation in all volunteers, peaking a median of 7.5 days following ovulation. Median urinary peak E3G and FSH levels occurred 0.5 days prior to ovulation. A persistent rise in urinary E3G was observed from approximately 3 days pre- until 5 days post-ovulation.This study provides reproductive hormone ranges referenced to the actual day of ovulation as determined by ultrasound, to facilitate examination of menstrual cycle endocrinology.

Physiological Responses to the Menstrual Cycle

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 601-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Marsh ◽  
David G. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Physiological Responses

DESCRIPTION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE DISORDERS IN 3 MONTHS INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVE USERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Amellia Mardhika ◽  
Yolanda Dwi Safitri ◽  
Lailatul Fadliyah ◽  
Riris Medawati
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Injectable Contraceptive ◽  
Cycle Disorders ◽  
Injectable Contraceptives

3-month injectable contraception is a hormonal contraceptive that is widely used by women of childbearing age (WUS) because it is very effective in preventing pregnancy, and includes the Intermediate-term Method. The use of 3-month injectable contraceptives also has drawbacks or side effects, one of which is menstrual cycle disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of menstrual cycle disorders in users of 3-month injectable contraceptives.This study used a descriptive design. The population in this study was women of childbearing age who used injection contraception for 3 months at the sub-health center of Tanjung Village. The total population in this study was 48 samples. The sampling technique was carried out by the total sampling technique. The analytical method used in this study was descriptive statistics.The results of the study showed that using 3-month injectable contraceptives were found that 29 respondents (60.4%) experienced amenorrhea, 15 respondents (31.3%) spotting, and 4 respondents (8.3%) did not experience menstrual cycle disorders.Most users of 3-month injectable contraceptives experience amenorrhea

Characterization of subendometrial myometrial contractions throughout the menstrual cycle in normal fertile women

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Lyons ◽  
PJ Taylor ◽  
Xin Hua Zheng ◽  
G Ballard ◽  
CS Levi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Fertile Women

Mid-menstrual cycle ultrasound evaluation of endometrial thickness of fertile women and women with secondary infertility in Nsukka, Nigeria

Radiography ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. e217-e222
Author(s):  
K. Ochie ◽  
C.U. Eze ◽  
G.C. Okoye ◽  
C.C. Ohagwu ◽  
G. Luntsi
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Ultrasound Evaluation ◽  
Fertile Women
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