Zionism and the Negation of the Diaspora

This chapter traces the origins and evolution of the idea that the welfare of Jews in the diaspora depends upon a strong Jewish presence in Palestine. The idea was initially generated out of a debate between Ahad Ha’am and Simon Dubnow over the prospects for developing a secular, “national” diaspora Jewish culture. Ahad Ha’am denied the possibility, insisting that only a “fixed center” in Palestine could weld dispersed Jews into a single cultural whole. Other Zionist spokesmen went farther, arguing that the diaspora was a source of physical danger or moral degeneracy that could be cured only by transplanting all the world’s Jews to Palestine. The chapter examines variations on this theme and the key texts in which they were introduced.

Effect of body-gender transfer in virtual reality on the perception of sexual harassment

While sexual harassments are inappropriate behaviors in the society, the interpretation of and sensitivity toward sexual harassment can vary by individual. Differences across individuals, such as gender, may influence whether one interprets an action to be sexually harassing or not. Virtual reality technology enables human behavior assessment without interfacing with physical danger. The present work examined whether gender and body-gender transfer in VR influenced the perception of sexually harassing behaviors, and explored the utility of emerging technology in increasing one’s awareness of behaviors that may be considered sexually harassing. Participants (n=12) embodied in virtual characters of different genders and experienced seven sexually harassing scenarios in an immersive virtual environment in random order. In general, participants provided higher rating to the sensitivity toward sexual harassment in the VR harassment scenarios than those scenarios described on paper. There was an increase in participants’ sensitivity toward sexual harassment after experiencing sexual harassment scenarios from the perspective of the victim in VR. Participants perceived higher level of sexual harassment when they embodied in female avatars, which suggested there was an effect of VR with body-gender transfer on perception of sexual harassment. There were gender differences in awareness of harassing behaviors in VR environment, and VR may be a training method to narrow gender gap and increase awareness toward sexual harassment.

The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women

This article argues that mandatory mediation provides neither a more just nor a more humane alternative to the adversarial system of adjudication of custody and, therefore, does not fulfill its promises. It looks at California’s mandatory mediation law, which requires that all custody and visitation disputes be mediated prior to being considered by the county Superior Court. While mediation is a place where emotions can be expressed, expressions of anger are often overtly discouraged, thereby silencing a woman who may have, for the first time in her life, found a voice for her anger. For a victim of physical abuse, the direct confrontation with her husband, with the safety of her children and herself at stake, would surely be psychologically traumatizing and might also put her in physical danger. The article then explains judicial violence and considers alternatives to mandatory mediation.

Rape avoidance over the menstrual cycle: An examination of the underlying psychological and physiological mechanisms

Fertile women may have inherent rape-avoidance mechanisms according to past research, with women differentially responding to a scenario implying rape compared to a control scenario when fertile (Petralia & Gallup, 2002). However, it is unclear whether these results mean that fertile women are responding to rape cues specifically, or physical danger cues more generally. Furthermore, the psychological and physiological mechanisms that motivate risk aversion are unknown. In this study, naturally cycling (NC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) using females (N = 32) participated at two specific points of their menstrual cycle; during a phase of low and peak fertility in NC participants. Psychological and physiological responses to Petralia and Gallup’s (2002) original two scenarios, as well as three new scenarios, varying in risk of rape versus physical danger, were measured. HC participants’ responses did not fluctuate across testing sessions. For NC participants, there was an interaction between fertility status and scenario-type: handgrip was stronger for women when fertile following all scenarios involving males, even if there was no risk of rape or physical danger depicted. The results, therefore, indicate women are more responsive to scenarios involving men during peak fertility.

TINJAUAN PELAKSANAAN PEMELIHARAAN DOKUMEN REKAM MEDIS DI RUANGAN FILLING RUMAH SAKIT DR.PIRNGADI MEDAN TAHUN 2019

Maintenance of medical record documents is a combination of various activities undertaken to maintain documents and production facilities including other production equipment or to repair them to a condition that is well accepted. Physical danger is damage to documents caused by sunlight, rain, flood, heat and humidity. Chemical hazard is document damage caused by food, beverages, and chemicals. Biological hazard is document damage caused by rats, cockroaches, and termites. The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of maintenance of medical record documents in the room Dr. hospital filling Pirngadi Medan in 2019. This type of research is a description of the interview and observation methods. The place of research was conducted at Dr. Pirngadi Medan due to the inability of maintaining medical record documents. When the study was conducted in March-April 2019. Population and samples used were all medical record storage officers, amounting to 3 people. Based on the results of the study, there were still racks that used wood and did not use rool o'pack cabinets, there are damaged medical record documents that have not been replaced with new ones due to lack of cover inventory. The temperature and humidity of the room in the storage room are less controlled. The conclusion of this study is that the maintenance of medical record documents has not been carried out because the shelves are still made from wood and the lack of storage rack facilities make medical records documents partially placed under the floor. The suggestion from this research is that it is better to use a rool o'pack cupboard and keep the air conditioner on for 24 hours according to the theory.

Duty to Warn in the Emergency Department: Three Medical Legal Cases That Illustrate Providers’ Broad Risk and Liability

This article presents three medical-legal cases that define a physician’s duty to warn and include caveats on medical practice within the scope of the law. Some physicians may not recognize that these legal and liability requirements extend not only to physical danger, but also to infectious diseases, medical illness, and drug effects.

The Fate of the Ransomed

This chapter discusses what happened to the Polish Jewish captives once they had been ransomed and released. Most sought to return home at the first opportunity. Without a patron, however, this was not easy. The captives had been brutally snatched from their previous lives and so, once freed, had little or no resources on which to rely. The religious obligation of the local Jewish society toward them ended with their ransom; once they had been freed, they were largely on their own and had to make their own way home—an extremely difficult, often impossible, proposition. There is no way to tell just what proportion of the ransomed captives managed to return home, though the desire to do so seems to have been fairly widespread. Still, there were those who simply could not manage it. The financial difficulties, the physical danger of long-distance travel, and the continuing threat of pirates in the Mediterranean must have deterred many, especially women, who often opted to stay and start new lives. The chapter then considers the refugee information network, the problems of identification, and the cultural contacts between Ashkenazi refugees and the Sephardi society.

A framework for systematically applying humanistic ethics when using AI as a design material

As machine learning and AI systems gain greater capabilities and are deployed more widely, we – as designers, developers, and researchers – must consider both the positive and negative implications of their use. In light of this, PARC’s researchers recognize the need to be vigilant against the potential for harm caused by artificial intelligence through intentional or inadvertent discrimination, unjust treatment, or physical danger that might occur against individuals or groups of people. Because AI-supported and autonomous decision making has the potential for widespread negative personal, social, and environmental effects, we aim to take a proactive stance to uphold human rights, respect individuals’ privacy, protect personal data, and enable freedom of expression and equality. Technology is not inherently neutral and reflects decisions and trade-offs made by the designers, researchers, and engineers developing it and using it in their work. Datasets often reflect historical biases. AI technologies that hire people, evaluate their job performance, deliver their healthcare, and mete out penalties are obvious examples of possible areas for systematic algorithmic errors that result in unfair or unjust treatment. Because nearly all technology includes trade-offs and embodies the values and judgments of the people creating it, it is imperative that researchers are aware of the value judgments they make and are transparent about them with all stakeholders involved.

Protection and Purity: Symbolic Functions of the Iron Age Saunas of the Iberian Northwest

Iron Age saunas, unique to the Castro Culture of northwestern Iberia, have puzzled archaeologists since the nineteenth century. Initially interpreted as kilns, crematoriums, or ovens, their function has since been established as bathing structures; however, the social significance of these saunas has yet to be firmly established. This study provides a new approach to understanding the ways in which Castro communities utilized specialized buildings to serve specific needs related to ritual cleansing and protection. Through an analysis of their placement, structure and decoration, I argue that these buildings functioned to purify and protect people of Castro communities from spiritual and physical danger. Members of Castro society inhabited a world buffeted by the shifting political and economic powers of the Iron Age. The bath structures under study, covered in apotropaic symbols, functioned in liminal spaces to cleanse and prepare Castro people for the dangers that awaited them beyond the walls of their communities and neutralized any potential spiritual contamination they may have acquired upon their return.