Learning to Judge a Book by Its Cover: Rapid Acquisition of Facial Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaowei Chua ◽  
Jonathan B. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Facial Trustworthiness

People are able to quickly and automatically evaluate faces on different traits, such as trustworthiness. There is a growing literature demonstrating that factors such as learning and experience play a role in shaping these judgments. In the current work, we assess the malleability of our trait evaluations by associating arbitrary facial features with trustworthy or untrustworthy behaviors. Across five studies, we demonstrate that this learning can impact trait evaluation and effectively form novel facial stereotypes, which exert effects on evaluations as strong as intrinsic facial trustworthiness. With only a brief training, participants’ rapidly acquired novel facial stereotypes, which were activated automatically and early on in processing, and which biased participants’ trust behavior and hiring decisions. These results suggest that our trait evaluations of faces are shaped by an implicit learning mechanism that abstracts the co-occurrence between facial features and trait-related behaviors, resulting in the creation of novel facial stereotypes.

scholarly journals Designing an Instrument to Measure Explicit and Implicit Learning Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Anna Zólyomi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Artificial Grammar ◽  
Explicit Learning ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Grammar Learning ◽  
Efl Teachers ◽  
Research Endeavour

In this research paper, the researcher’s intention was to design an instrument that is able to measure learning under two different conditions: explicit and implicit learning. Exploring explicit and implicit learning is gaining more and more attention nowadays in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). The Quantitative method was used in this study to investigate which learning mechanism proves to be more efficient in the selected sample. The present study involved Hungarian technical school, secondary school, and university students from Budapest (N = 40) who participated in completing an Artificial Grammar Learning (AGL) task. The most important finding of the present research endeavour is that implicit learning has proven to be more effective than explicit learning in the case of the selected participants and this was a statistically significant finding. The pedagogical implication of this study is that the effectiveness of implicit learning should be reconsidered by EFL teachers in Hungary.

scholarly journals Can we reduce facial biases? Persistent effects of facial trustworthiness on sentencing decisions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Jaeger ◽  
Alexander Todorov ◽  
Anthony M Evans ◽  
Ilja van Beest
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Guilty Verdict ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Final Verdict ◽  
Biasing Effects ◽  
Trait Impressions ◽  
Facial Trustworthiness

Trait impressions from faces influence many consequential decisions even in situations in which decisions should not be based on a person’s appearance. Here, we test (a) whether people rely on trait impressions when making legal sentencing decisions and (b) whether two types of interventions—educating decision-makers and changing the accessibility of facial information—reduce the influence of facial stereotypes. We first introduced a novel legal decision-making paradigm. Results of a pretest (n = 320) showed that defendants with an untrustworthy (vs. trustworthy) facial appearance were found guilty more often. We then tested the effectiveness of different interventions in reducing the influence of facial stereotypes. Educating participants about the biasing effects of facial stereotypes reduced explicit beliefs that personality is reflected in facial features, but did not reduce the influence of facial stereotypes on verdicts (Study 1, n = 979). In Study 2 (n = 975), we presented information sequentially to disrupt the intuitive accessibility of trait impressions. Participants indicated an initial verdict based on case-relevant information and a final verdict based on all information (including facial photographs). The majority of initial sentences were not revised and therefore unbiased. However, most revised sentences were in line with facial stereotypes (e.g., a guilty verdict for an untrustworthy-looking defendant). On average, this actually increased facial bias in verdicts. Together, our findings highlight the persistent influence of trait impressions from faces on legal sentencing decisions.

scholarly journals Toward an ecology of vidding

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tisha Turk ◽  
Joshua Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Composition Studies ◽  
Participatory Culture ◽  
Fan Studies ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Media Texts

Despite the fan studies emphasis on participatory culture, much of the current work on vids (and in fan studies broadly) treats fans more as readers than as producers. To help us examine the relationships between fannish reading practices and fannish creative processes, we turn to composition studies and Marilyn Cooper's concept of an ecology of writing. We argue for an ecological model of vidding, an approach that enables us to explore the collaborative nature of vidding without erasing individual authorship; to investigate the relationships not only between vids and media texts but also between vidders and their audiences; and to treat fan conversations both as responses to mass media and as sites for the generation and circulation of interpretive conventions that guide both the creation and reception of vids.

L2 LEARNERS’ ADAPTATION TO AN L2 STRUCTURE THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM L1

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Heeju Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Matching Game ◽  
Causative Structure ◽  
Korean Learners ◽  
Korean Learners Of English ◽  
Cumulative Experience

Abstract The present study investigates how L2 learners adapt their production preferences following immediate and cumulative experience with a syntactic structure when an L2 structure differs from an L1 structure in terms of verb subcategorization frame and argument structure. Korean learners of English described causative events in English in a picture-matching game. The meaning of a causative sentence in English (e.g., Jen had her computer fixed) is expressed with an active transitive sentence in Korean (e.g., Jen-NOM computer-ACC fixed). The results demonstrated that both immediate and cumulative experience with a causative structure increased the likelihood of producing grammatical causative descriptions (e.g., Jen had her computer fixed), while decreasing the production of ungrammatical active transitive descriptions (e.g., Jen fixed her computer). The findings provide novel evidence that an implicit learning mechanism is involved in L2 learners’ processing and learning of an L2 structure that is different from L1.

scholarly journals Location Decisions of New Manufacturing Firms in Ecuador. Agglomeration Mechanisms

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309
Author(s):  
Tania Paola Torres-Gutiérrez ◽  
Ronny Correa-Quezada ◽  
María de la Cruz del Río-Rama ◽  
José Álvarez-García
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Creation

This investigation seeks to explore the importance of agglomeration mechanisms in the location decisions of new manufacturing firms in Ecuador, based on sector and canton level data for the 2000–2010 period. A model is proposed to explore the relative importance of agglomeration mechanisms in location decisions of new manufacturing companies, a regression is performed using instrumental variables, the econometric estimation is developed, and an identification strategy is proposed. The results of the empirical analysis show that the learning mechanism, and history, have a positive and significant impact on the creation of new firms. An increase of 1% in the transfer of knowledge in the industries and cantons of the country is correlated with the increase in the location of new firms in the order of 9.2%. In turn, history has a positive and significant effect on the creation of new firms, in industries and cantons characterized by a past industrial environment. Even when the learning mechanism and history are controlled by provinces, sectors, and cantons, they continue to be the most important determinants of the location of new firms. This evidence could be attributed to the public investment in Ecuadorian industry in recent years. In this sense, the contribution of this work is found in the empirical distinction of the mechanism that favors or inhibits the location decisions of new companies. The analysis was replicated for a three-digit sectorial disaggregation level, to verify whether the agglomeration mechanisms operate differently on a different industrial scale. The results suggested that there were no differences to be considered. When the analysis was done excluding the cantons of Quito, Guayaquil, and Cuenca, given their high representation in terms of the birth of industries and employment, the results were consistent with those previously mentioned. However, it is so only with respect to history, which in this case accounts for 38.8% of the birth of firms; whereas, matching accounts for an order of 38.9% in the period of analysis. This result is explained in the context of the country’s industrial policy.

scholarly journals Naturalistic inquiries of M. Bashkirtseva as an artist

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Ilona V. Dorohan ◽  
Olha S. Boiko ◽  
Kateryna M. Kyrylenko ◽  
Svitlana V. Oborska ◽  
Olha M. Shandrenko
Keyword(s):  
High Education ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
The Creation ◽  
At Home

The study pioneers the naturalistic search of Bashkirtseva as an artist, which was expressed in her involvement in the creation of a new movement in art, including painting, defined as naturalism. Several aesthetically significant and self-sufficient stages of its development in the creative activity of Maria Bashkirtseva are presented. It is noted that in this process the noblewoman's high education at home with her interest in the interaction of literature and painting, which in due course was understood as aesthetically valuable for painting and the artist, was initially obtained. The importance of the next naturalistic stage of Bashkirtseva is underlined, which is conditioned by her rapid acquisition of the European urban culture, one of the specific features of naturalism, first of all, the French one with the priority of Parisian peculiarities. In this way, it is emphasized that Bashkirtseva was not only focused on the development of critical and pictorial-literary trends in naturalism but also involved in their creation, developing the synthesis of literature and painting. It is emphasized that Bashkirtseva in the mastery of Dostoevsky largely anticipated the concept of Bakhtin, “following” the images of the Russian classic, giving them their naturalistic meaning. 

Emotional Prediction and Content Profile Estimation in Evaluating Audiovisual Mediated Communication

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rigas Kotsakis ◽  
Charalampos Dimoulas ◽  
George Kalliris ◽  
Andreas Veglis
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Quality Of Experience ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Careful Treatment ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Intelligent Models ◽  
Profile Estimation

The present paper focuses on the extraction and evaluation of salient audiovisual features for the prediction of the encoding requirements in audiovisual content. Recent research showed that encoding decisions can be really crucial during audiovisual mediated communication, where poor encoding may lead to unaccepted Quality of Experience (QoE) or even to the creation of negative emotional response. In contrast, exaggerated high quality encoding may create increased bandwidth demands that are associated with annoying delays and irregular playback flow, resulting again in QoE degradation with similar emotional repulsion. Thus, there has to be a careful treatment with proper encoding balance during the production and deployment of mediated communication audiovisual resources. Such machine-assisted creativity is investigated in the current work, with the utilization of applicable audiovisual features, QoE metrics and emotional measures, aiming at implementing intelligent models for optimal audiovisual production and encoding configuration in demanding mediated communication applications and services.

Structural priming in Spanish as evidence of implicit learning

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
PERLA B. GÁMEZ ◽  
PRIYA M. SHIMPI
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Structural Priming ◽  
Input Frequency ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Syntactic Form ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Priming Technique

ABSTRACTThis study uses a structural priming technique with young Spanish speakers to test whether exposure to a rare syntactic form in Spanish (fue-passive) would increase the production and comprehension of that form. In Study 1, 14 six-year-old Spanish speakers described pictures of transitive scenes. This baseline study revealed that fue-passives were virtually non-existent in children's spontaneous speech. Using the priming technique in Study 2, an additional 56 Spanish-speaking children were exposed to fue-passive or active picture descriptions; we varied whether children repeated the modeled form. With repetition, production of fue-passives increased past baseline usage. When not asked to repeat, comprehension and production of fue-passives was no different than chance. Results extend the existing literature by experimentally testing input effects on the production and comprehension of infrequently used constructions, further corroborating the relation between input frequency and language skill. Findings are consistent with the view that an implicit learning mechanism guides language learning.

scholarly journals Is the Episodic Buffer of Baddeley independent of the Central Executive? A new measure of the Episodic Buffer

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-392
Author(s):  
José Óscar Vila Chaves ◽  
Francisco Gutiérrez Martínez ◽  
Juan Antonio García Madruga
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Central Executive ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Episodic Buffer ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Creation

El Retén Episódico (RE) está tomando un creciente papel central en las explicaciones sobre el funcionamiento de la memoria operativa. De hecho, los últimos estudios de Baddeley y sus colaboradores sitúan al RE en el corazón del sistema de memoria. Recientemente la discusión también atañe a si este componente de la memoria operativa presenta una naturaleza independiente respecto a los recursos del ejecutivo central. Algunos estudios muestran como en tareas automatizadas, la construcción y mantenimiento de elementos almacenados en el RE no requieren de recursos desde el ejecutivo central. El presente trabajo pretende analizar esta cuestión para lo que se toman diferentes variables y se ha diseñado un nuevo test para medir el EB. En este test de doble tarea, la tarea secundaria consiste en la lectura de textos sencillos que contienen palabras ocultas. Los resultados muestran como a pesar del aumento del procesamiento debido al incremento de la longitud de los textos, no se produce un aumento en la carga demandada por el ejecutivo central, ni en la creación de los agrupamientos de información ni en su mantenimiento. Es por ello, que pensamos que el RE bajo ciertas circunstancias es independiente del ejecutivo central. The Episodic Buffer (EB) is taking on an increasingly central role in explanations regarding the functioning of working memory. In fact, in the most recent studies by Baddeley and his collaborators, the EB has situated itself at the core of this memory system. Recently under discussion is that this component of working memory seems to demonstrate an independent nature with respect to central executive resourcing. Some studies show that in automatic tasks the creation and maintenance of elements stored in the episodic buffer do not require resources from the central executive. The current work attempts to evaluate this assumption for what different variables are taken and a new test has been developed to measure the EB. In this double task test, the secondary task consists of reading short simple texts that contain missing words. The results show that further processing due to increasing the length of the texts does not correspond to higher load demands made on the central executive, nor in the creation (organization) of chucks or their maintenance. Thus, we believe the EB is under certain circumstances independent of the central executive.         

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