scholarly journals Measuring Success from Below: The Social Legitimacy of the United Nations among Populations Exposed to its Peacekeeping Operations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amiad Haran Diman
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
National Measurement ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Peacekeeping Forces ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
International Peacekeeping ◽  
Measures Of Effectiveness

The success of peacekeeping forces is both a topic of heated debate and a central theme in the literature on international peacekeeping. Most existing answers to this question rely on one- dimensional macro-measures of effectiveness, such as battle fatalities. This paper proposes another perspective that is based on the point of view of local residents in countries that host United Nations peacekeepers. It argues that their support is an indicator of success, since they evaluate the institutional effectiveness of the peacekeepers they are exposed to. Using an aggregation of longitudinal data from the World Values Survey (N=25,196), and original data on the exposure to peacekeepers collected from the United Nations archives, we offer a unique, systematic and cross- national measurement of the local legitimacy of peacekeeping forces. Results from a multilevel, mixed-effects, linear model show significantly lower levels of confidence in the United Nations and higher levels of demand for the accountability of its forces in countries with an active peacekeeping operation. The level of confidence has a strong and negative correlation with the size of the mission, even when controlled for varied ideological explanations and for confidence extrapolation. The paper contributes to an ongoing debate on international peacekeeping and to research on the legitimacy of international organizations.

Les minorités dans la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme, une absence délibérée

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 557-590
Author(s):  
Fernando Arlettaz
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The United Nations

Summary The League of Nations established, in the interwar period, a legal regime for the protection of minorities which considered them as intermeditate groups between the State and the individuals. On the contrary, the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, adopted in 1948 by the United Nations, assumed a radically individualistic point of view and did not include any mention to minority rights. The travaux préparatoires of the Universal Declaration suggest that the question of minorities caused strong tension among States and that, for this reason, they avoided its inclusion in the 1948 document.

Ministate and macrocooperation: Fiji's peacekeeping debut in Lebanon

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Thakur
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
International Peacekeeping

During 1982 the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was conspicuous largely for a lack of any effective role. Paradoxically, however, Fiji had earned a measure of distinction for its contribution to international peace through UNIFIL, and was in consequence asked to participate in the Sinai peacekeeping force in 1982. At the same time, Fiji's first experience in international peacekeeping also exposed it to many of the constraints and frustrations of such ventures. As has been shown elsewhere, UNIFIL's experiences are in keeping with the history of UN peacekeeping. The argument in this paper is that the experiences of the Fijian component of UNIFIL are equally at one with the experiences of national contingents generally in UN forces; that in certain areas the Fijian involvement displays unique features that are partly a function of its ministate characteristics; and that Fiji's contributions to peacekeeping is an effective answer to old doubts about UN membership for ministates.

Javier Perez De Cuellar, Doctor Honoris Causa at Leiden University

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
University Of Leiden ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
University Professor ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
International Peacekeeping ◽  
The University

On 7 September 1988 the Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, received the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Leiden. This degree was granted as a tribute to his contribution to international peace, justice and international law. Following an introduction by Professor H.G. Schermers (Leiden University), Professor P.H. Kooijmans (Leiden University) delivered the laudatio in honour of Mr. Perez de Cuellar. Mr. Kooijmans praised the efforts of the Secretary General in seeking settlement of international disputes, and he stated that Mr. Perez de Cuellar had at crucial moments used his personal prestige in order to achieve a breakthrough in the peaceful settlement of international disputes. In particular Mr. Kooijmans referred to the Iran\Iraq, Namibia, Afghanistan, and Western Sahara disputes. In particular Mr. Kooijmans referred to the Iran/Iraq, Namibia, Afghanistan, and Western Sahara disputes. The United Nations is now regaining its relevance as an international peacekeeping force after the various crises of the 1970s and 1980s. Professor Kooijmans contended that the leadership of the Secretary General has to a great extent been the source of this rejuvenation.

scholarly journals Peacekeeping Forces, Jurisdiction and Immunity: A Tribute to George Barton

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger S Clark
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
State Practice ◽  
Peacekeeping Forces ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Phd Thesis

George Barton wrote his PhD thesis at Cambridge on "Jurisdiction over Visiting Forces". He published three spinoffs from the thesis in the British Yearbook of International Law.  In all of these – each a tour de force in examining elusive and arcane State practice – he was at great pains to deny various supposed customary rules recognising immunity of foreign armed forces in the courts of a State in which they were visiting by consent. He worked in the United Nations Secretariat in New York just as the practice of United Nations peacekeeping began to develop. In this tribute, I try to imagine that he returned to the subject some 60 years later. Affecting, as best I can, the style of Dr Barton circa 1950, I offer some guesses as to how he might assess six decades of developments in law and practice in the multilateral context in which the United Nations, and especially the Secretariat and the Security Council, have been major actors.

scholarly journals Using artificial intelligence technologies for sustainable development

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 04010
Author(s):  
Anton Nazarov ◽  
Denis Kovtun ◽  
Stefan Talu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
International Community ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Digital Computers

Artificial intelligence as a simulator of human behavior and thinking emerged as a result of machine learning. Through AI, they recognize and interpret data, on the basis of which programs of various types of activities are subsequently built. The rapid introduction of artificial intelligence-based technologies into the economic and social spheres of the international community has not been left out of the United Nations’ view from the point of view of using the capabilities of digital computers to solve problems at the level of intelligent beings in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. The article discusses the specific aspects of I, the application of which will make the process of achieving the SDGs more effective and of high-quality.

Challenges and Prospects of au-un Hybrid Operations

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiodun Bashua
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
African Union ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Work Habits ◽  
Hybrid Operation ◽  
Regional Organisations ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
International Peacekeeping

Hybrid operations between regional organisations and the United Nations is a new paradigm in international peacekeeping. The only such operation so far is the African Union-United Nations Operations in Darfur (unamid). Serving two separate authorizing bodies with different though similar mandates and differing work habits and processes have been a challenge, not only to the two authorising bodies but particularly for the leadership of the hybrid operation. After more than five years of operations, this paper attempts to assess the chances of replication of similar operations in the short-term given the unamid experience.

Talking Democracy at the United Nations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Eisentraut
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The State ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Global Democracy ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The United Nations

Legitimate rule beyond the state, it appears, can no longer be discussed without reference to the notion of democracy. This is particularly evident in the reform debates countries engage in at the United Nations. Based on a novel data set, which covers a decade of democratic discourse by 159 states about two major UN bodies, the Security Council and the General Assembly, this book contributes to a better understanding of the democratic narrative, the patterns it takes, and the drivers behind it. Its insights contribute to research on the social legitimacy of international organisations, the contested meaning of norms, and global democracy. At a time when ideological competition is picking up steam, this book attests to the power of the democratic idea.

1966 Prize Award Essay The Secretary–General and the United Nations’ Function of Peaceful Settlement

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Zacher
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
Prize Award ◽  
Peacekeeping Forces ◽  
The United Nations

During the first twenty years of the United Nations' existence the patterns of its activities changed significantly. One of the most important changes took place in the practices of the Secretary-General. While the most noticeable development was his assumption of the position of executive agent for peacekeeping forces, a less noticeable but equally important one occurred in his activities as an agent of peaceful settlement. The importance of the latter change was that not only did a single official of the United Nations assume new functions and become instrumental in the settlement of a number of international conflicts, but the Organization as a body gained a more influential role in international politics.

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