scholarly journals Still Separate in STEM?: Trends in Sex Segregation by Field of Study in Japan, 1975-2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiya Uchikoshi ◽  
Ryota Mugiyama ◽  
Megumi Oguro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Sex Segregation ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Academic Field

There is much evidence to suggest that the gender wage gap in Japan is one of the highest in rich countries, while gender inequality in education at the vertical level is becoming increasingly equalized. A small number of studies suggest that the remaining gender gap can be attributed to horizontal segregation with respect to field of study, particularly female underrepresentation in STEM fields, and little is known about trends in sex segregation by field in Japan specifically. By using publicly available education statistics, the current study investigates these trends from 1975 through 2019. We paid particular attention to (1) different trends in non-STEM, STEM, and health fields, and (2) heterogeneity across national, public, and private institutions. The results of applying Duncan’s dissimilarity index to 68 fields of study among four-year university students reveal that the overall trend in sex segregation in field of study has decreased over the 45 years by 43%. We also found that trends differ based on both institutional characteristics of universities and academic field, as the declining segregation trend is mainly driven by the massive integration of men and women in non-STEM fields in private institutions. The declining trend in segregation has been slow in recent years, especially at national and public institutions. We explored potential mechanisms for these stalling trends, and suggest that the driving forces are (1) a slower integration of women in STEM fields and (2) a rise in segregation in health fields. These results provide support for the theory of a stalled gender revolution in Japan. This study concludes that the desegregation may not be linked to the gender equality in the labor market, and that horizontal segregation may even increase because of the growing demand for the workforce to deal with population aging in the future.

scholarly journals The Gender Wage Gap among Ph.D. Holders: Evidence from Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Alfano ◽  
Lorenzo Cicatiello ◽  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta ◽  
Mauro Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Educational Qualification ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Quantile Decomposition ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on the gender wage gap by empirically analyzing those workers who hold the highest possible educational qualification, i.e., a Ph.D. The analysis relies on recent Italian cross-sectional data collected through a survey on the employment conditions of Ph.D. holders. The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis and quantile decomposition analysis are carried out, and the selection of Ph.D. holders into employment and STEM/non-STEM fields of specialization is taken into account. Findings suggest that a gender gap in hourly wages exists among Ph.D. holders, with sizeable differences by sector of employment and field of specialization.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Academic Efficacy across STEM Fields

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110286
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ashlock ◽  
Miodrag Stojnic ◽  
Zeynep Tufekci
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Middle Schoolers ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Math Grades ◽  
And Mathematics

Cultural processes can reduce self-selection into math and science fields, but it remains unclear how confidence in computer science develops, where women are currently the least represented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Few studies evaluate both computer skills and self-assessments of skill. In this paper, we evaluate gender differences in efficacy across three STEM fields using a data set of middle schoolers, a particularly consequential period for academic pathways. Even though girls and boys do not significantly differ in terms of math grades and have similar levels of computer skill, the gender gap in computer efficacy is twice as large as the gap for math. We offer support for disaggregation of STEM fields, so the unique meaning making around computing can be addressed.

Competitive Schools and the Gender Gap in the Choice of Field of Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-308
Author(s):  
Fanny Landaud ◽  
Son Thierry Ly ◽  
Éric Maurin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Field Of Study

The Evolution of the Role of Women in Labor Markets in Developed Economies

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Elisabeth T. Pereira ◽  
Stefano Salaris
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
And Gender

The role of women in labor markets has been characterized by great changes in the last century, with gender inequalities decreasing in most developed countries. The stereotypes related to women in labor markets have been hard to break within social norms and cultures. Many efforts have been made in recent decades by governments and national and international institutions to decrease and promote women's empowerment and gender equality in labor markets. This chapter has as its main purposes to provide an overview of the evolution of the role of women in labor markets in developed countries and to investigate this evolution based on a set of variables: gender participation rates, education, employment, the gender gap in management, wages and the gender wage gap, and public policies and laws. However, despite the positive evolution of the participation rate of women in labor markets that has been observed in recent decades, gender inequalities still persist.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Job Search: Trading off COMMUTE AGAINST WAGE*

2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Le Barbanchon ◽  
Roland Rathelot ◽  
Alexandra Roulet
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Job Attributes ◽  
Joint Distributions ◽  
Application Data ◽  
Newly Hired

ABSTRACT We relate gender differences in willingness to commute to the gender wage gap. Using French administrative data on job search criteria, we first document that unemployed women have a lower reservation wage and a shorter maximum acceptable commute than their male counterparts. We identify indifference curves between wage and commute using the joint distributions of reservation job attributes and accepted job bundles. Indifference curves are steeper for women, who value commute around 20% more than men. Controlling in particular for the previous job, newly hired women are paid after unemployment 4% less per hour and have a 12% shorter commute than men. Through the lens of a job search model where commuting matters, we estimate that gender differences in commute valuation can account for a 0.5 log point hourly wage deficit for women, that is, 14% of the residualized gender wage gap. Finally, we use job application data to test the robustness of our results and to show that female workers do not receive less demand from far-away employers, confirming that most of the gender gap in commute is supply-side driven.

scholarly journals Unilateral Divorce, the Decreasing Gender Gap, and Married Women's Labor Force Participation

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Fernández ◽  
Joyce Wong
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Unilateral Divorce ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

Married women's labor force participation (LFP) increased dramatically in the United States between the 1940 and 1960 cohort. The two cohorts lived under different divorce regimes (unilateral divorce rather than mutual consent). The 1960 cohort also had a lower gender wage gap. We use a quantitative dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marital status, calibrated to key statistics for the 1940 cohort, to study the effects of these two changes. We find that both drivers combined are able to account for over 50 percent of the increase in married women's LFP and also generate large movements in marriage and divorce rates.

scholarly journals Indulging Our Gendered Selves? Sex Segregation by Field of Study in 44 Countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 924-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Charles ◽  
Karen Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Segregation ◽  
Field Of Study

Sex segregation by field of study and the influence of labor markets: Evidence from 39 countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Moorhouse
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Sex Segregation ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
New Feature ◽  
Market Variables

Data from 39 countries for the years 2008–2011 are used to explore how features of a country’s labor market influence sex segregation by field of study in higher education. A new feature of this empirical study is the use of the system generalized method of moments (system-GMM) to analyze these relationships. Two new labor market variables are included in this study: a measure of a country’s economic protections for women and the national unemployment rate. After controlling for the level of economic development and characteristics of each country’s tertiary system, the results indicate that labor market variables have an important impact on sex segregation by field of study. All else equal, countries that protect women’s economic rights are associated with lower levels of sex segregation by field. Although the finding is less robust, the empirical evidence also supports that countries with higher unemployment rates experience lower levels of sex segregation.

The Decline of Sex Segregation and the Wage Gap, 1970-80

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Fields ◽  
Edward N. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Wage Gap ◽  
Sex Segregation

Issues Affecting Gerontology Education and Manpower Needs in Population Aging

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Manpower Policy ◽  
Professional Field ◽  
Manpower Needs ◽  
Occupational Settings

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses seven major issues that will affect the development of gerontology education in response to manpower needs in aging in Canada. These issues concern the definitions of aging for educational and manpower policy, manpower forecasting, knowledge base in gerontology, gerontology as an academic field or as a professional field, development of education programs, employment opportunities, and factors in supply and demand. The author stresses the importance of creating baseline data about manpower needs and occupational settings and about the knowledge base of gerontology in Canada.

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