scholarly journals How Robust are Estimates of Intergenerational Income Mobility?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Engzell ◽  
Carina Mood
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Model Choice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
The Family ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Swedish Data

Rising inequalities in rich countries have led to concerns that the economic ladder is getting harder to climb. It is well established that intergenerational income mobility is lower in countries with high inequality, but research on trends in mobility finds conflicting results. Motivated by this uncertainty, we ask: how important are choices of specification for levels and trends in intergenerational income associations? We use Swedish data on cohorts born 1958–1977 and their parents. Varying how, when and for whom income is measured, we estimate 1,658,880 different associations (82,944 specifications across 20 cohorts). Our results reveal that model choice is an underrecognized source of variation in intergenerational mobility research. The most consistent contributor to trends is the advancement of women in the labor market, which leads to increased persistence in women’s earnings and the family income of both men and women. Depending on specification, it is possible to conclude that income mobility is increasing, decreasing, or remaining flat. Despite variability, our results are broadly consistent with the received view that the level of mobility in Sweden is high in a comparative perspective.

The Decline of Intergenerational Income Mobility in Denmark: Returns to Education, Demographic Change, and Labor Market Experience☆

Social Forces ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1436-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Harding ◽  
Martin D Munk
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Child Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
The Family ◽  
Demographic Processes

Abstract Although there is some evidence of declining intergenerational mobility in wealthy countries, the sources of these changes are not well understood. This paper examines the changes in intergenerational mobility in Denmark, which has one of the highest levels of intergenerational mobility in the world. We show that mobility has been declining for both men and women since the late 1950s across the most recent cohorts who are now old enough to measure permanent adult income, and that these changes were concentrated among children born into the middle three-fifths of the income distribution. We examine the sources of this decline by testing hypotheses related to demographic processes, returns to education, and work experience. Our results highlight the importance of both parent and child work experience and family structure in the family of origin among both men and women as well as, to a lesser degree, marital status, assortative mating, and childbearing among women. Although education was an important driver of parent-child income rank associations (IRA) in each cohort, it played little role in accounting for increases in those associations across cohorts.

scholarly journals The Effects of Paternity Leave on Parents’ Earnings Trajectories and Earnings Inequality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youjin Choi ◽  
Anders Holm ◽  
Rachel Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Paternity Leave ◽  
Insurance Program ◽  
The Family ◽  
Paid Parental Leave

Paid parental leave from work reserved for mothers and fathers is one policy that has been proposed to equalize labor force participation, wages, and childcare for men and women. We examine the effects of fathers’ use of parental leave on paternal, maternal and family earnings, as well as earnings inequality within the family exploiting the institution of the Quebec Parental Insurance Program which reserved 5 weeks of leave for fathers. We find that ten years after the birth, father’s use of parental leave increases family income and makes wages more equal within the family.

Family Economics and Obesity

2015 ◽  
pp. 563-582
Author(s):  
Sven E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Married Couples ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Household Behavior ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Health Capital ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The Family ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
Rich Countries

Obesity deserves attention by economists because it has moved to the forefront of public health concerns worldwide and because it is a health condition that defies the general economic pattern that economic prosperity is associated with better health. The economic theory of household behavior and accompanying empirical evidence both suggest that married couples are able to reap the rewards of more efficient investment in health. Obesity, however, is an important exception, with both men and women tending to gain weight following marriage. Wealthier societies should also be able to invest more effectively in child health, but the epidemic of childhood obesity in rich countries counters this trend. This essay argues that the paradoxical economics of obesity must be studied within the primary context where obesity-related decisions are made: the family. Thus, the case of obesity reveals the benefits of and challenges to obtaining a better understanding of familial health capital.

Gender discrimination in the way the Vietnamese talk about face thê diên

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Quynh Trang Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cultural Concept

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a view of gender discrimination in Vietnam via the lens of thê diên – the Vietnamese face concept. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports on results of a PhD exploratory study of the Vietnamese face concept thê diên. Semi-structured indepth interviews were conducted with 15 Vietnamese college teachers about the notion of thê diên in relation with several areas including gender. Findings – There are two ways in which gender discrimination is reflected in the participants’ perceptions of thê diên. First, there is discrimination in terms of the different language used for men and women in terms of face. Second, there are different social expectations for men and women in terms of thê diên. Specifically, in order to maintain thê diên, men are expected to prove themselves as sources of the family income and social status. Meanwhile, women are only supposed to maintain their men’s face. Originality/value – While the gender situation in Vietnam has been examined via various social, economical, and political perspectives, it has never been filtered through the lens of face, a cultural concept that deeply reflects living and behaving principles of a cultural community in a certain time.

The Canadian Geography of Intergenerational Income Mobility

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (631) ◽  
pp. 2134-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Corak
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Census Division ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
Different Dimensions

Abstract Intergenerational income mobility varies significantly across Canada, with the 266 Census Divisions in the 1986 Census clustering into five non-contiguous regions. Nine complementary indicators are calculated for each Census Division using administrative data on a cohort of men and women born between 1963 and 1970. Collectively these indicators underscore the importance of simultaneously examining different dimensions of intergenerational mobility and also show that higher mobility is most strongly associated with less income inequality in the bottom half of the income distribution.

scholarly journals The impact of postponing motherhood on women's income in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Juliana Lopes Andrade ◽  
Marina Silva da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Postponement

This paper investigates the impact of the postponement of motherhood on women’s earnings and gender gap in Brazilian labor market, based on data from Brazilian National Health Survey of 2013. Using the Heckman (1979) approach, the results suggest that postponing motherhood has a positive impact of 1.55% on earnings each year of postponement. By comparing men and women, the results suggest that being a woman generates a wage penalty of approximately 22%, but the postponing of motherhood can eliminate that gender gap, especially for those who are white, yellow, and higher educated.

scholarly journals Cohort-Specific Experiences of Industrial Decline and Intergenerational Income Mobility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Market Change ◽  
Economic Stratification ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. manufacturing industry has long been regarded as the economic engine that built and sustained the middle class. In recent decades, this pillar of economic opportunity has eroded substantially. Though much has been written about the decline of manufacturing sectors in U.S. communities, the potential consequences for economic mobility, and stratification processes more generally, remain largely unexplored. In this study, I develop a conceptual framework linking the study of labor market change to economic stratification. I examine how structural changes to U.S. labor markets have altered opportunities for economic advancement in the U.S. I focus the analysis on birth cohorts in the 1980s, whose labor market entry spans the large-scale erosion of the manufacturing industry in the 2000s. I find strong evidence that declines in manufacturing employment have contributed to growing geographic disparities in upward intergenerational income mobility. Children raised in counties that experienced large contractions in manufacturing industries throughout adolescence experienced large economic penalties in adulthood via reduced levels of upward mobility. The results demonstrate how long-term macroeconomic changes can disrupt and redistribute opportunities within societies.

scholarly journals PERAN PEREMPUAN DALAM MENDUKUNG EKONOMI KELUARGA: STUDI PADA KELUARGA NELAYAN DI DEWANTARA ACEH UTARA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zawil Kiram ◽  
Zamzami Zamzami
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Family Income ◽  
National Development ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
The Family

The aim of this study is to explore women’s roles in supporting the economic needs in fishermen's families in Dewantara Aceh Utara, focusing on two questions. Firstly, what are the reasons for women to work and earn a living? Secondly, how women support the family’s economy and in what sectors they work? This research was conducted through a qualitative method with primary data collection techniques including socio-economic surveys, participant observations, and interviews. Furthermore, the research data was compiled with a comprehensive secondary literature review that correlates with the research topic. The result of this study showed that the reasons for women to work and earn living are to increase family income, to reduce family burdens, to make friends/socialize, to uphold the belief that both men and women are responsible for working in the family, and play an active role in village/regional and national development. Most of the women from fishermen's families work in the brick-making sector, salt farming, wholesaler, cake making, and laundry. The contributions that women give to their families are to help fulfill their daily needs and also pay for school fees.AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peran perempuan dalam mendukung kebutuhan ekonomi keluarga nelayan di Dewantara Aceh Utara, dengan fokus kepada dua pertanyaan. Pertama, apa alasan perempuan untuk bekerja dan mencari nafkah? Kedua, bagaimana perempuan mendukung ekonomi keluarga dan di sektor apa saja mereka bekerja? Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data primer meliputi survei sosial ekonomi, observasi partisipan, dan wawancara. Sedangkan data penelitian sekunder dilengkapi dengan studi pustaka yang komprehensif dengan mempelajari buku-buku dan artikel yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan topik penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa alasan perempuan bekerja dan mencari nafkah adalah untuk meningkatkan pendapatan keluarga, mengurangi beban keluarga, untuk berteman/bersosialisasi, serta bekerja sebagai tanggung jawab laki-laki dan perempuan, dan berperan aktif dalam pembangunan desa/daerah/nasional. Sebagian besar perempuan dari keluarga nelayan bekerja di sektor pembuatan batu bata, petani garam, pedagang grosir, pembuat kue, dan tukang cuci. Kontribusi yang diberikan perempuan kepada keluarganya adalah dengan membantu memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari dan juga membayar biaya sekolah anak-anak.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

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