The Decline of Intergenerational Income Mobility in Denmark: Returns to Education, Demographic Change, and Labor Market Experience☆

Social Forces ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1436-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J Harding ◽  
Martin D Munk
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Child Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
The Family ◽  
Demographic Processes

Abstract Although there is some evidence of declining intergenerational mobility in wealthy countries, the sources of these changes are not well understood. This paper examines the changes in intergenerational mobility in Denmark, which has one of the highest levels of intergenerational mobility in the world. We show that mobility has been declining for both men and women since the late 1950s across the most recent cohorts who are now old enough to measure permanent adult income, and that these changes were concentrated among children born into the middle three-fifths of the income distribution. We examine the sources of this decline by testing hypotheses related to demographic processes, returns to education, and work experience. Our results highlight the importance of both parent and child work experience and family structure in the family of origin among both men and women as well as, to a lesser degree, marital status, assortative mating, and childbearing among women. Although education was an important driver of parent-child income rank associations (IRA) in each cohort, it played little role in accounting for increases in those associations across cohorts.

scholarly journals How Robust are Estimates of Intergenerational Income Mobility?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Engzell ◽  
Carina Mood
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Model Choice ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
The Family ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Swedish Data

Rising inequalities in rich countries have led to concerns that the economic ladder is getting harder to climb. It is well established that intergenerational income mobility is lower in countries with high inequality, but research on trends in mobility finds conflicting results. Motivated by this uncertainty, we ask: how important are choices of specification for levels and trends in intergenerational income associations? We use Swedish data on cohorts born 1958–1977 and their parents. Varying how, when and for whom income is measured, we estimate 1,658,880 different associations (82,944 specifications across 20 cohorts). Our results reveal that model choice is an underrecognized source of variation in intergenerational mobility research. The most consistent contributor to trends is the advancement of women in the labor market, which leads to increased persistence in women’s earnings and the family income of both men and women. Depending on specification, it is possible to conclude that income mobility is increasing, decreasing, or remaining flat. Despite variability, our results are broadly consistent with the received view that the level of mobility in Sweden is high in a comparative perspective.

Self-Esteem and Perceived Health of the Family of Origin: Are There Sex Differences?

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-814
Author(s):  
Stuart B. Bonnington
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Perceived Health ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations

This study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and the perceived health of the family of origin and in particular focused on possible differences in correlations for men and women. 70 female and 140 male undergraduates completed the Texas Social Behavior Inventory (Short Form A) and the Family of Origin Scale. While small significant Pearson correlations were found for both men and women, no difference in their magnitude was noted.

scholarly journals Modele wychowania seksualnego w rodzinach pochodzenia współczesnych kobiet na tle przemian obyczajowych w sferze seksualności

2018 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Karolina CHURSKA NOWAK ◽  
Anna GULCZYŃSKA ◽  
Barbara JANKOWIAK
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Sexual Functioning ◽  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Families Of Origin ◽  
The Family

The paper attempts to present the transformations in sexual morality and their significance for the sexual upbringing of men and women. The results of the research presented herein allow us to analyze the models of sexual upbringing implemented in the families of origin of modern young women. It also verifies whether there are differences between men and women in the realm of sexual upbringing in their families of origin and if there are differences in their sexual functioning within a partnership depending on the model of sexual upbringing in the family of origin.

scholarly journals The experiences in the family of origin and the early maladaptive schemas as predictors of marital violence in men and women

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-293
Author(s):  
Kelly Cardoso Paim ◽  
Denise Falcke
Keyword(s):  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Marital Violence ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflict Tactics Scale ◽  
Young Schema Questionnaire ◽  
The Family ◽  
Conflict Tactics ◽  
Schema Questionnaire

A violência conjugal é uma problemática mundial que abrange diferentes classes econômicas, raças e etnias. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que a dinâmica conjugal violenta é um fenômeno complexo e interacional, o presente estudo se propõe a identificar variáveis preditoras do fenômeno, utilizando a perspectiva da Teoria dos Esquemas de Jeffrey Young. Sendo assim, foi investigado o poder das experiências na família de origem e dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos como preditores da violência física cometida e sofrida na relação conjugal conforme o sexo. A amostra foi constituída por 181 homens e 181 mulheres e os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), e Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). A análise dos resultados foi realizada através de análise de regressão múltipla com método stepwise. Os resultados indicaram que o esquema de defectividade/vergonha das mulheres e dos homens e o esquema de desconfiança/abuso dos homens são variáveis preditoras da violência física cometida contra o cônjuge. O maior ajustamento materno foi considerado a variável protetiva de comportamentos violentos cometidos pelas mulheres. Em relação à vitimização da violência, os esquemas de desconfiança/abuso das mulheres e dos homens, assim como o esquema de defectividade/vergonha dos homens foram identificados como preditores de violência física sofrida nos relacionamentos íntimos. A maior funcionalidade do estilo de decisão materno foi identificada como protetor de vitimização de violência para as mulheres. Os achados ampliam a discussão sobre as variáveis que podem explicar o fenômeno da violência conjugal, consolidando a importância da avaliação dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos em situação de violência conjugal.

The Canadian Geography of Intergenerational Income Mobility

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (631) ◽  
pp. 2134-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Corak
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Census Division ◽  
Intergenerational Income Mobility ◽  
Different Dimensions

Abstract Intergenerational income mobility varies significantly across Canada, with the 266 Census Divisions in the 1986 Census clustering into five non-contiguous regions. Nine complementary indicators are calculated for each Census Division using administrative data on a cohort of men and women born between 1963 and 1970. Collectively these indicators underscore the importance of simultaneously examining different dimensions of intergenerational mobility and also show that higher mobility is most strongly associated with less income inequality in the bottom half of the income distribution.

The Right to Avoid Procreation and the Regulation of Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Rothmar Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
European Consensus ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Right

This chapter discusses the right to avoid procreation and the regulation of pregnancy from a European perspective. The legal basis for a right to avoid procreation can be said to fall within the scope of several provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), an instrument that is binding for all European countries. Here, Article 12 of the ECHR gives men and women of marriageable age the right to marry and found a family in accordance with the national laws governing this right. However, Article 12 protects some elements of the right not to procreate, but for couples only. The lack of common European consensus in this area highlights how matters relating to the right to decide on the number and spacing of children touch on aspects that differ from country to country even in what could appear to be a homogenous region. In fact, the cultural, moral, and historical milieus that surround these rights differ considerably with diverse national perceptions of the role of the family, gender equality, religious and moral obligations, and so on.

Gender Moderates the Association Between Exposure to Interpersonal Violence and Intermittent Explosive Disorder Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110139
Author(s):  
Lynette C. Krick ◽  
Mitchell E. Berman ◽  
Michael S. McCloskey ◽  
Emil F. Coccaro ◽  
Jennifer R. Fanning
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Affective Dysregulation ◽  
Intermittent Explosive Disorder ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Relationship

Exposure to interpersonal violence (EIV) is a prevalent risk-factor for aggressive behavior; however, it is unclear whether the effect of EIV on clinically significant aggressive behavior is similar across gender. We examined whether gender moderates the association between experiencing and witnessing interpersonal violence and the diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder (IED). We also examined potential pathways that might differentially account for the association between EIV and IED in men and women, including emotion regulation and social information processing (SIP). Adult men and women ( N = 582), who completed a semistructured clinical interview for syndromal and personality disorders, were classified as healthy controls (HC; n = 118), psychiatric controls (PC; n = 146) or participants with an IED diagnosis ( n = 318). Participants also completed the life history of experienced aggression (LHEA) and life history of witnessed aggression (Lhwa) structured interview and self-report measures of emotion regulation and SIP. Men reported more EIV over the lifetime. In multiple logistic regression analysis, experiencing and witnessing aggression within the family and experiencing aggression outside the family were associated with lifetime IED diagnosis. We found that the relationship between EIV and IED was stronger in women than in men. Affective dysregulation mediated certain forms of EIV, and this relation was observed in both men and women. SIP biases did not mediate the relation between EIV and IED. EIV across the lifespan is a robust risk factor for recurrent, clinically significant aggressive behavior (i.e., IED). However, the relationship between EIV and IED appears to be stronger in women. Further, this relation appears partially mediated by affective dysregulation.

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