Reasons behind Child Labor in Bangladesh: Case & Policy Analysis

Bangladesh's socioeconomic realities include the problem of child labor. This is a huge problem that cannot be overlooked. In this study, I looked at the elements that contribute to child labor in Bangladesh. Poverty is the primary cause of children working as child laborers. The issue of child labor has become one of the most prominent challenges in developing countries. To put an end to this, societies and governments must act together. The government, in particular, must ensure that citizens' basic rights are protected. Following that, the implementation of child labor legislation and a social boycott of child work would be an effective remedy.

Absenteeism, Dropout, and On-Time School Completion of Vulnerable Primary School Students in Ethiopia: Exploring the Role of Adolescent Decision-Making Power in the Household, Exposure to Violence, and Paid and Unpaid Work

While Ethiopia has seen a rapid expansion of school enrollment over the past 25 years, especially in primary education, dropout, absenteeism, and grade repetition remain key challenges to achieving the education-related Sustainable Development Goals. This article uses the 2017/18 Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) survey of 6800 Ethiopian adolescents and regression analysis to examine how exposure to and /or experience of violence (from peers and at home), adolescent decision-making power in the household, and paid and unpaid child work are related to absenteeism, dropout, and on-time completion in primary school. The findings provide empirical evidence on the positive association between adolescent decision-making power in the household and educational outcomes and the negative relationships between adolescent education and both exposure to and /or experience of violence and paid and unpaid child work. We explore variations in the magnitude and robustness of these associations across gender, age cohort, and rural/urban residential location. Our findings suggest that programs which enhance decision-making power of adolescents in the household reduce exposure to and/or experience of violence among peers and at home and reduce participation in paid and unpaid child work which can improve adolescent educational attainment.

Spiritual Health—Te Taha Wairua

The significance of spiritual health in the Māori model of health. Author notes resistance in secular society to the term ‘spiritual’ and broadens the term to encompass our search for meaning: why we are here, why we exist. Maslow and our esteem needs, notably an acknowledgement of our capacities, achievements, and adequacy, by others and ourselves, to gain a sense of ‘being useful in the world’. The definition of spirituality from the Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare as ‘the way people engage with the purpose and meaning of human existence’. Using the framework from acceptance and commitment therapy, the author’s personal experience of defining his personal values. His reflection on his own personal beliefs and his personal journey to self-discovery. The concept of inner child work and its role in existential health and healing. A client’s own experience of finding his inner child. The concept of ‘best me’. Maslow’s theory of motivation. The concept of flourishing and the author’s personal self-assessment. The US psychiatrist Dr M. Scott Peck’s book The Road Less Travelled, and his insight that it takes courage to make tough life decisions. The power of the stories we tell ourselves.

Can Unconditional In-Kind Transfers Keep Children Out of Work and in School? Evidence from Indonesia

Child labour is a global issue which creates a need for evidence-based interventions such as cash and in-kind transfers. However, there is limited evidence about the effect of in-kind transfers on child labour, impeding policy development. We address this gap by examining the impacts of an unconditional in-kind transfer, a nation-wide subsidised rice program, on child labour and schooling using longitudinal household survey data from Indonesia. To identify the causal effect, we use coarsened exact matching with difference-in-differences estimator. The results indicate that the program is effective in decreasing the probability of working for boys though it does not have a significant impact on the probability of schooling. However, as an unconditional in-kind transfer, its ability to decrease child work for boys, especially of those who are both working and attending school, provides an important policy implication on how a food subsidy program can indirectly influence child wellbeing.

Assessment of ergonomic exposure, work-related occupational injuries, and prevention: Child work in the brickfield industry in India?

Child labor is an infraction of fundamental human rights, and it prevents the children’s physical, psychosocial, and psychological development. In India, children have been working in different unorganized sectors as paid laborers. Children were found performing a fair amount of manual, rigorous tasks in the brickfield industry due to socioeconomic disadvantages. Child brickfield workers suffered from musculoskeletal pain and injuries due to working with a heavy physical workload, which hampers the overall quality of life. A study had been conducted among these child brickfield laborers from India during 2011–2017. The study found laceration (38.7% male and 36.9% female) as the primary injury followed by sprain and strain, scratches, avulsion, and fractures among child brickfield workers. The study shows that child workers are highly prone to injuries, mainly toe (23.9% male and 28.1% female), hands (22.0% male and 23.4% female), wrists, feet, ankles, and fingers. The injury rate among male and female child brickfield laborers was 7.64 and 9.52 per 1000 workers. The primary source of injuries in brickfields was due to falling from height. Several risk factors, including biomechanical, work stress, may play a key role in work-related injuries among child brickfield laborers.

The Challenges of Child Labour Research: Data Challenges and Opportunities

his Rapid Review is an attempt to instigate a broader discussion on child labour by considering the various dimensions and angles associated with the phenomenon beyond the straitjacket definitions provided in most reports. Its objectives are threefold. First, it aims to determine whether re-analysis of existing data sets is likely to yield new insights into the forms, prevalence and drivers of children’s work in agriculture in Ghana. Second, it aims to provide specific guidance on how these re-analyses might be undertaken and framed. And third, it aims to determine whether any of the available data sets might be used to map the number or density of children to the main agro-ecological zones or agricultural systems. In doing this, the review describes the nature of child work in the agricultural sector, highlighting areas that have often been ignored in the literature. The conclusion offers suggestions for future research on child labour based on our renewed understanding of the broad concept of child work.

The issues of maternity and childhood protection in the zemstvo medical practice in the late XIX — early XX c. (On the materials of Saratov region)

The protection of motherhood and childhood occupied a significant place in the zemstvo medical practice of the late XIX — early XX c. It was “zemsky” doctors who were first to investigate the risk factors for maternal and child health in a Russian village. These included, first of all, the imperfect system of obstetrics, the incorrect feeding of infants, and the prevalence of acute childhood infections. For the protection of the health of the mother and child, work has been directed to organize skilled obstetric care, establish nursery-shelters, prevent acute childhood infections, support breastfeeding, and prevent orphanhood. At the same time, a number of zemstvo medico-social programs (organization of obstetric centers, nurseryshelters) were ineffective. The reasons for these failures were cultural traditions, peculiarities of the economic system, and the poverty of the Russian peasantry. More significant success was achieved in the prevention of acute childhood infections, medical care for pupils of rural schools and orphans. With the help of serum therapy, zemstvo doctors were able to reduce mortality from diphtheria. In addition, a vaccine against scarlet fever was being tested in Saratov region. The establishment of permanent medical supervision of children in Saratov orphanage resulted in 20—30 % mortality reduction. Many initiatives of zemstvo doctors: support of breastfeeding, prevention of orphanhood, mass immunization are being used in modern maternity and childhood protection systems.

Contested futures: The ‘humanitarian value’ of childhood in rural Sierra Leone

This article explores contrasting social constructions of the ‘value of children’ in a rural village in Northern Sierra Leone. It investigates how the meanings of childhood, its temporal extension and children’s (present and future) roles are differently interpreted in the context of humanitarian intervention. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and participatory research with children, it explores how child work and education are conceptualised by a range of different actors (local authorities, families and international NGOs). The analysis sheds light on the tensions which arise between children’s ‘present usefulness’ to family livelihoods through their work at home and their potential future utility through their ‘work’ at school. Taking two case study exemplars, it shows how international NGOs’ humanitarian constructions of African children as innocent victims, ‘emotionally priceless’ and rights bearing can be locally reconfigured and appropriated for economic gain. The article demonstrates marginalised children’s active role in blurring boundaries between emotional, monetary, global and local valuations of what children ‘should’ do and be. It also highlights how the ‘humanitarian value’ of childhood constitutes the bedrock upon which Sierra Leone’s alternative futures are being actively imagined and contested along ‘North–South’ transactions.

AKTIVITAS BERMAIN ESKA (ESTAFET ANGKA) UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN MOTORIK KASAR ANAK

This research is motivated by activities that rarely pack the learning in the form of games, so the child will only struggle with the child work sheet provided by the teacher only. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between gross motor skills in children aged 4-5 years with the activity of playing ESKA. The method used is quantitative method using experimental research design with product moment correlation technique with sample size 20 children aged 4-5 years. The data collection technique used is performance observation with correlation performance test instrument. Data analysis technique used is correlation test. From the results of the analysis through the correlation test obtained that r-count (0,863) and r-table (0,444) at α 5%. Thus r-count > r-table so that (H0) is rejected and (H1) accepted.