scholarly journals Morphophonology in Australian languages: lenition and assimilation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Round
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Static Properties ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Australian Languages

The phonologies of the world’s languages vary not only in their static properties, such as segment inventories and phonotactics, but also in their dynamic, morphophonological alternations. In the study of Australian phonologies, static properties have long held the spotlight, with book-length works appearing already several decades ago on segments (Busby 1980) and phonotactics (Hamilton 1996). Dynamic phonology in comparison has never really taken centre stage.1 Short discussions of at most a few pages per phenomenon appear on morphophonological topics in overview works by Evans (1995a), Dixon (1980; 2002) and Baker (2014). These have proven invaluable, but the short format lends itself to the citation of particularly striking or well-known data, and since it lacks space to explore diversity in detail, can contribute to an exaggerated discourse of uniformity in Australian languages, where phenomena are rare, pervasive or absent, but seldom ‘diverse’. To address this, the current chapter presents just two studies. Each is on a topic chosen for its particular interest with respect to Australian languages, and owing to the state of the literature described above, each is (at time of writing) the most in-depth survey of that phenomenon in Australian languages to date, and fills a gap in our knowledge that has persisted for too long. Section 1 covers materials and methods. Section 2 examines lenition, a morphophonological process that is particularly common in Australian languages. Section 3 investigates assimilation, and relates it back to key phonotactic generalisations. Section 4 offer concluding remarks and section 5 lists languages in the studies and their sources.

KRAS testing disparities in the state of New Mexico.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 551-551
Author(s):  
Alissa Greenbaum ◽  
Charles Wiggins ◽  
Angela W. Meisner ◽  
Manuel Rojo ◽  
Anita Kinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
The State ◽  
P Value ◽  
Antibody Treatment ◽  
Patients Âgés ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Incident Cases

551 Background: ASCO guidelines published in 2009 recommend all patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) receive KRAS testing to guide anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment. Recent literature examining nation-wide trends via the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database showed New Mexico to exhibit the highest KRAS rates of testing out of 18 registries. We aim to explore disparities in KRAS testing in the state of New Mexico. Methods: The New Mexico Tumor Registry (NMTR), a population-based cancer registry participating in the SEER Program, was queried to identify all incident cases of CRC among New Mexico residents from 2010 to 2013. Chi-square tests were used to identify disparity in KRAS testing with a p-value ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Results: A total of 637 patients were diagnosed with metastatic CRC from 2010-2013. As expected, KRAS testing in Stage 4 patients presented the highest frequency (38.4%), though testing in stage 3 (8.5%), stage 2 (3.4%) and stage 1 (1.2%) was also seen. In those with metastatic disease, younger patients (ages 22-39 and 40-64 years) were more likely to receive testing than patients 65 years and older (p < 0.0001). Patients living in or near a metropolitan center received KRAS testing more often than patients living in non-metro and rural areas (p = 0.016). There were no disparities in testing between male and female patients (39.1 v. 37.7%; p = 0.71) or amongst the predominant ethnic groups (p = 0.66). A small increase in the occurrence of KRAS testing was noted from 2010 to 2013 (34.2 to 42.2%); this trend approached though did not obtain significance (p = 0.07). In stage 4 patients, there were no significant differences in rates of wild-type versus mutant status when examined by age (p = 0.95), sex (p = 0.41), ethnicity (p = 0.41), by progressive years (p = 0.42) or geography (p = 0.35). Conclusions: New Mexico exhibits high rates of KRAS biomarker testing in patients with metastatic CRC. Age and geographic disparities exist in the rates of testing, while sex, ethnicity and the year tested showed no differences. Further study is required to explore the reasons for this disparity in KRAS testing, as well as to determine the motivation for testing in stage 1 through 3 CRC which is contrary to current treatment guidelines.

scholarly journals The Five Stages of Masculinity: A New Model for Understanding Masculinities

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Joseph Gelfer
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
New Model ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Crisis Of Masculinity ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Magazine Articles ◽  
Men And Masculinities

The article uses the so-called “crisis of masculinity” as a jumping-off point for proposing a new model for understanding masculinities called the Five Stages of Masculinity. The five stages outlined in the article are: Stage 1, Unconscious Masculinity; Stage 2, Conscious Masculinity; Stage 3, Critical Masculinities; Stage 4, Multiple Masculinities; Stage 5, Beyond Masculinities. A content analysis of news and magazine articles is provided to give some initial indication as to the proportion of public conversations taking place at each stage. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the Five Stages of Masculinity for the study of men and masculinities, as well as some new thoughts on the nature of the crisis of masculinity via a mobilization of Giorgio Agamben’s concept of the “state of exception.”

Design of objective lens for 200-kV high-resolution electron microscopes

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 314-315
Author(s):  
K. Tsuno ◽  
T. Honda ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
M. Naruse
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Axial Magnetic Field ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Correction Of Astigmatism ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Stage 1

Developement of computer technology provides much improvements on electron microscopy, such as simulation of images, reconstruction of images and automatic controll of microscopes (auto-focussing and auto-correction of astigmatism) and design of electron microscope lenses by using a finite element method (FEM). In this investigation, procedures for simulating the optical properties of objective lenses of HREM and the characteristics of the new lens for HREM at 200 kV are described.The process for designing the objective lens is divided into three stages. Stage 1 is the process for estimating the optical properties of the lens. Firstly, calculation by FEM is made for simulating the axial magnetic field distributions Bzc of the lens. Secondly, electron ray trajectory is numerically calculated by using Bzc. And lastly, using Bzc and ray trajectory, spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients Cs and Cc are numerically calculated. Above calculations are repeated by changing the shape of lens until! to find an optimum aberration coefficients.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

Alterations in the number of motoneurons containing immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)& choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse during the development of the motoneuron disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 970-971
Author(s):  
L. Vacca-Galloway ◽  
Y.Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Bose ◽  
S.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Wobbler Mouse ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

The Wobbler mouse (wr) has been studied as a model for inherited human motoneuron diseases (MNDs). Using behavioral tests for forelimb power, walking, climbing, and the “clasp-like reflex” response, the progress of the MND can be categorized into early (Stage 1, age 21 days) and late (Stage 4, age 3 months) stages. Age-and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates (NFR/wr) were used as controls (Stage 0), as well as mice from two related wild-type mouse strains: NFR/N and a C57BI/6N. Using behavioral tests, we also detected pre-symptomatic Wobblers at postnatal ages 7 and 14 days. The mice were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemical (ICC) of CGRP and ChAT in the spinal cord (C3 to C5).Using computerized morphomety (Vidas, Zeiss), the numbers of IR-CGRP labelled motoneurons were significantly lower in 14 day old Wobbler specimens compared with the controls (Fig. 1). The same trend was observed at 21 days (Stage 1) and 3 months (Stage 4). The IR-CGRP-containing motoneurons in the Wobbler specimens declined progressively with age.

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