scholarly journals The Specialization of Informal Social Control: Fighting in the National Hockey League from 1947-2019

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sirianni
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Talent Pool ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Over Time

The presence and value of systems of informal social control have been well-studied by sociologists and criminologists. While systems of informal control are by their very nature more decentralized and unorganized, can systems of informal social control come to resemble centralized systems of formal control? This article offers a highly detailed empirical analysis of a particular form of informal social control in a highly observable setting over time: fist-fighting in the National Hockey League. Fighting is commonly understood to be both an instrument of retaliatory “self-help” exercised by all players, but also the semi-exclusive domain of “enforcers” or “goons” who are employed by teams to physically retaliate on behalf of their opponents and deter violent play in others. A 52-year record of nearly 30,000 fist fights between players is analyzed alongside other player statistics. An analysis of the player distribution, network structure, and in-game contexts of these fights demonstrates a gradual shift from a system of self-help to a system of specialized enforcement. This shift is connected to larger changes in the size of the league and the talent pool, processes of specialization at the level of the team, and the emergence of an unofficial “enforcer” role that motivates participation in fights for certain players.

scholarly journals Kontrol Informal dan Formal Terhadap Yakuza di Jepang

IZUMI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Zaki Ainul Fadli ◽  
Femiga Salsa Nabila
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Control Section ◽  
The Media ◽  
National Police ◽  
Formal Controls

 (Title: Informal and Formal Controls Against Yakuza in Japan) This research explores how far yakuza's development in Japan and to find social factors which affecting its change. The methods used are literary research. This paper discusses the implementation of formal and informal social control in Japanese society and its ties to yakuza. The fact that yakuza, as Japanese mafia, have been intervening its society for decades, is a strange phenomenon since Japan is known for its low crimes as portrayed on most of the media. The formal control section will be focused on the National Police Agency of Japan, while the informal control section will be focused on Japanese society, emphasizing on its culture. Both controls leave the door open for yakuza to establish power in society. This may lead to the conclusion that Japan’s social control is relatively weak.

Addictive Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Saul Levmore
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
Important Contributor ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Personal Interactions ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Law, broadly defined to include group-directed rulemaking and coercion, has plainly grown over time. There are many explanations for this growth, and the evolution from self-help to law. This Article develops the idea that an important contributor to the growth of law has been the fact that law begets law, and it seeks to combine this new explanation with both traditional and more intuitive explanations for law’s expansion. That law brings on more law in an addictive way means that a society finds itself with laws, rather than personal interactions, in ways that it would have wished to avoid had it known earlier in time that law’s spectacular growth was in the making. The growth of law is thus much more than a product of specialization or wealth effects. For a variety of reasons, people prefer to avoid personal confrontation and to outsource their means of social control. This Article suggests that much of this addictive growth is inefficient and otherwise undesirable. The addiction might be controlled by rewarding some kinds of personal involvement in order to overcome the inclination to outsource.

Neighbourhood places, collective efficacy and crime: A longitudinal perspective

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110088
Author(s):  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Jonathan Corcoran ◽  
Anthony Kimpton ◽  
Rebecca Wickes
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Land Use Classification ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Over Time

Neighbourhood places like shops, cafes and parks support a variety of social interactions ranging from the ephemeral to the intimate. Repeated interactions at neighbourhood places over time lay the foundation for the development of social cohesion and collective efficacy. In this study, we examine the proposition that changes in the presence or arrangement of neighbourhood places can destabilise social cohesion and collective efficacy, which has implications for crime. Using spatially integrated crime, social survey and parcel-level land-use classification data, we estimate mixed effects panel models predicting changes in theft and nuisance crimes across 147 Australian neighbourhoods. The findings are consistent with neighbourhood social control and crime opportunity theories. Neighbourhood development – indicated by fewer vacant properties and fewer industrial and agricultural sites – is associated with higher collective efficacy and less crime over time. Conversely, introducing more restaurants, transit stations and cinemas is associated with higher theft and nuisance over time regardless of neighbourhood collective efficacy. We argue that the addition of socially conducive places can leave neighbourhoods vulnerable to crime until new patterns of sociability emerge and collective efficacy develops.

scholarly journals Moral Hazard and Claims Deterrence in Private Disability Insurance

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Autor ◽  
Mark Duggan ◽  
Jonathan Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
Over Time

Exploiting within-firm, over-time variation in plan parameters for nearly 10,000 Long Term Disability (LTD) policies held by US employers, we present the first empirical analysis of the determinants of private LTD spells. We find that a shorter waiting period and a higher replacement rate increase the incidence of LTD spells. Sixty percent of the latter effect is due to the mechanical censoring of shorter spells, with the remainder due to the deterrence of spells that would have continued beyond the waiting period. Deterrence is driven primarily by a reduction in the incidence of shorter duration spells and less severe disabilities. (JEL D82, G22, J28, J32)

Risk-based planning of the distribution network structure considering uncertainties in demand and cost of energy

Energy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 578-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Esmaeeli ◽  
Ahad Kazemi ◽  
Heidarali Shayanfar ◽  
Gianfranco Chicco ◽  
Pierluigi Siano
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Cost Of Energy

Perceptions of Collective Efficacy Among Single Mothers: Insights for Conceptualization and Measurement

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (17) ◽  
pp. 4019-4040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Barnhart ◽  
Michael C. Gearhart ◽  
Kathryn Maguire-Jack
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Teen Pregnancy ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Family Outcomes ◽  
Study Results

Neighborhoods with higher levels of collective efficacy are associated with more favorable family outcomes such as lower teen pregnancy rates and less antisocial behavior among children. Collective efficacy is traditionally measured by combining the constructs of social cohesion and informal social control, yet these two constructs may have unique influences on family outcomes. While prior studies have examined collective efficacy’s factor structure, there is limited understanding of this construct among single-mother families, who have unique social and economic characteristics. In this exploratory study, we tested a single-factor model and two-factor model separating social cohesion and informal social control to examine the underlying factor structure of collective efficacy with a diverse sample of 2,084 unmarried mothers who participated in the third wave in-home survey of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. Results support that informal social control and social cohesion were best modeled as two distinct, but related, constructs.

Occupy in Ireland: Impacts on activists and subsequent protest

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-273
Author(s):  
Anna Szolucha
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Processes ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

I explore the impact that Occupy in Ireland had on subsequent campaigns and the lives of some of its core activists and analyse the interpretative processes through which they evaluated and modified the lessons and tactics of the protest. The picture that emerges from this empirical analysis is inherently complex and transient. It shows how the symbolic associations and framing of the encampments evolved and stalled the diffusion of their most recognisable practices and tactics such as assemblies. This observation highlights the importance of studying the empirical processes that explain how the interpretations of movements change over time, influencing the potential for the diffusion of tactics from one movement to another. Additionally, movement–movement influence may be constructed subjectively and hence, the individual engagement trajectories of activists can inform the analysis of how past protest influences future campaigns. Even though the practices and tactics that were most characteristic of the movement did not diffuse to subsequent protests, the analysis of the impacts of Occupy in Ireland suggests that the encampments functioned as a space for political training and experimentation which may have durable effects for future protest as well as its participants long after they left Occupy.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood land use features, collective efficacy and local civic actions

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 2372-2390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Corcoran ◽  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Rebecca Wickes ◽  
John Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Civic Action ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Demographic Context

This paper explores the association between neighbourhood land use features and informal social control. More specifically, we examine the extent to which such features in combination with the socio-demographic context of the neighbourhood facilitate or impede collective efficacy and local civic actions. We achieve this through spatially integrating data from the census, topographic databases and a 2012 survey of 4132 residents from 148 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia. The study creates a new classification of a neighbourhood’s physical environment by creating novel categories of land use features that depict social conduits, social holes and social wedges. Social conduits are features of the neighbourhood that facilitate interaction between individuals, social holes are land uses that create situations where there is no occupancy, and social wedges are features that carve up neighbourhoods. We find some evidence to suggest that residents’ reports of collective efficacy are higher in neighbourhoods with a greater density of social conduits. Density of social conduits is also positively associated with local civic action. However, in neighbourhoods with more greenspace, residents are less likely to engage in local civic actions.

scholarly journals Violating an Occupational Sex-Stereotype: Israeli Women Earning Engineering Degrees

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobsen Chanoch ◽  
Vanki Tamar
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Recent Increase

The percentage of women engineering graduates in Israel has increased fourfold during the last two decades, but only a small percentage of Israeli women opt for these fields. We account for the current trend by a general theory of patterned deviance, viewing the recent increase of women's studying for engineering degrees as a case of nonconformity with a traditional norm. A simulation model of that theory reproduced 85.8% of the variance in the data on women engineering graduates between 1966 and 1987, indicating that the theory applies also in this case. The simulations show that it is becoming increasingly legitimate for women to study engineering and informal social control keeping women from enrolling in engineering has almost disappeared, but the internalized sex-stereotype still deters many women from taking such courses.

scholarly journals The Influence of Governance Mechanism on Supply Chain Performance in Developing Economies: Insights from Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kwabena Anin ◽  
Dominic Essuman ◽  
Kwame Owusu Sarpong
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Transaction Cost Economics ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Formal Control

Drawing on the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and taking the perspective of a developing economy, the study examined the impacts of governance mechanisms (GM-formal control and social control) on supply chain (SC) performance (operational efficiency and service & market performance). Data were collected using questionnaires from 152 firms operating in the most industrialized regions of Ghana. Structural equation modelling technique (using LISREL 8.5) was employed in estimating the study’s model. The study finds significant positive associations between formal control and operational efficiency; and between social control and service & market performance. The study also finds that within the research context, social control is antecedent of (adherence to) formal control; and that the effect of social control on operational efficiency is fully channelled via formal control. These findings imply that firms’ ability to institute and implement GMs would present them opportunities to enhance the performance of their SCs. Theoretically, the results suggest the potential mediating role of formal control in the link between social control and SC performance; which means that having in place formal controls is necessary for firms in this part of the world (who mostly rely on social control) to better experience benefits arising out of social relationships.

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