Addictive Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Saul Levmore
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
Important Contributor ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Personal Interactions ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Law, broadly defined to include group-directed rulemaking and coercion, has plainly grown over time. There are many explanations for this growth, and the evolution from self-help to law. This Article develops the idea that an important contributor to the growth of law has been the fact that law begets law, and it seeks to combine this new explanation with both traditional and more intuitive explanations for law’s expansion. That law brings on more law in an addictive way means that a society finds itself with laws, rather than personal interactions, in ways that it would have wished to avoid had it known earlier in time that law’s spectacular growth was in the making. The growth of law is thus much more than a product of specialization or wealth effects. For a variety of reasons, people prefer to avoid personal confrontation and to outsource their means of social control. This Article suggests that much of this addictive growth is inefficient and otherwise undesirable. The addiction might be controlled by rewarding some kinds of personal involvement in order to overcome the inclination to outsource.

scholarly journals The Specialization of Informal Social Control: Fighting in the National Hockey League from 1947-2019

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sirianni
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Talent Pool ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Over Time

The presence and value of systems of informal social control have been well-studied by sociologists and criminologists. While systems of informal control are by their very nature more decentralized and unorganized, can systems of informal social control come to resemble centralized systems of formal control? This article offers a highly detailed empirical analysis of a particular form of informal social control in a highly observable setting over time: fist-fighting in the National Hockey League. Fighting is commonly understood to be both an instrument of retaliatory “self-help” exercised by all players, but also the semi-exclusive domain of “enforcers” or “goons” who are employed by teams to physically retaliate on behalf of their opponents and deter violent play in others. A 52-year record of nearly 30,000 fist fights between players is analyzed alongside other player statistics. An analysis of the player distribution, network structure, and in-game contexts of these fights demonstrates a gradual shift from a system of self-help to a system of specialized enforcement. This shift is connected to larger changes in the size of the league and the talent pool, processes of specialization at the level of the team, and the emergence of an unofficial “enforcer” role that motivates participation in fights for certain players.

Neighbourhood places, collective efficacy and crime: A longitudinal perspective

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110088
Author(s):  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Jonathan Corcoran ◽  
Anthony Kimpton ◽  
Rebecca Wickes
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Land Use Classification ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Over Time

Neighbourhood places like shops, cafes and parks support a variety of social interactions ranging from the ephemeral to the intimate. Repeated interactions at neighbourhood places over time lay the foundation for the development of social cohesion and collective efficacy. In this study, we examine the proposition that changes in the presence or arrangement of neighbourhood places can destabilise social cohesion and collective efficacy, which has implications for crime. Using spatially integrated crime, social survey and parcel-level land-use classification data, we estimate mixed effects panel models predicting changes in theft and nuisance crimes across 147 Australian neighbourhoods. The findings are consistent with neighbourhood social control and crime opportunity theories. Neighbourhood development – indicated by fewer vacant properties and fewer industrial and agricultural sites – is associated with higher collective efficacy and less crime over time. Conversely, introducing more restaurants, transit stations and cinemas is associated with higher theft and nuisance over time regardless of neighbourhood collective efficacy. We argue that the addition of socially conducive places can leave neighbourhoods vulnerable to crime until new patterns of sociability emerge and collective efficacy develops.

A Phenomenological Analysis of the Experience of Stuttering

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3S) ◽  
pp. 1180-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Tichenor ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Shared Experience ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Speech Behaviors ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
Over Time

Purpose Stuttering behaviors and moments of stuttering are typically defined by what a listener perceives. This study evaluated participants' perceptions of their own experience of moments of stuttering. Method Thirteen adults who stutter participated in a phenomenological qualitative study examining their experience of moments of stuttering. Analysis yielded several common themes and subthemes culminating in an essential structure describing the shared experience. Results Speakers experience anticipation and react in action and nonaction ways. Many speakers experience a loss of control that relates to a lack of a well-formed speech plan or agency. The experience of moments of stuttering changes through therapy, over time, with self-help, and across situations. Many speakers experience so-called typical stuttering behaviors as reactions rather than direct consequences of trying to speak. Interactions with listeners can affect the experience of stuttering. Conclusion Although research recognizes that the experience of the stuttering disorder involves more than just speech behaviors, people who stutter experience stuttering behaviors in time as involving more than just the disruption in speech. This finding has implications for both the theoretical understanding of stuttering and the clinical evaluation and treatment of the stuttering disorder.

TOPICS AND TANGENTS FOR MUTUAL HELP IN UNCERTAINTY

Africa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parker Shipton
Keyword(s):  
Change Over Time ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Mutual Help ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Generalize Input ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
Over Time ◽  
As If

ABSTRACTSelf-help groups of varied kinds emerge when kinship, territorial governance or other accustomed associations prove unreliable. Interactions that appear helpful and mutual to one party need not always seem so to another. Shaping their character are not just reason and economic or political necessity, but also feelings, some of which humans share with other animals. These feelings often depend, however, on distinctly human symbolic and linguistic contrivances, sometimes of ironic kinds. Mutual help in Africa often spans generations, and by some interpretations both the living and the non-living. Rites and ceremonies can change over time in relation to other ones performed. Whether these conventions strengthen each other, as if by exercise, or substitute for each other in a more hydraulic way as a trade-off is hard to predict or generalize. Input from several sciences, once integrated with humanistic inquiry, may further enrich our understanding.

scholarly journals A Nutrition Behaviour Change Intervention Delivered Through Women's Self-Help Groups in India Is Protective Against Depression and Reduces Time Spent in Market Work

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
Shivani Gupta ◽  
Samuel Scott ◽  
Neha Kumar ◽  
Kalyani Raghunathan ◽  
Giang Thai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Market Work ◽  
Productive Work ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Social Leisure ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Women's self-help groups (SHGs), which operate at large scale in India, are an important platform for delivering behaviour change communication (BCC) and social support interventions to rural women. Little is known about how such group-based interventions affect women's mental health and time use. Methods The Women Improving Nutrition through Group-based Strategies (WINGS) study was a quasi-experimental impact evaluation, comparing 16 blocks (8 matched pairs) with SHG formation support; 8 blocks received a 3-year nutrition intervention (NI) with BCC topics such as nutrition, home-gardens and women's well-being, facilitated by a trained female volunteer; the other 8 received standard activities (STD) to support savings & livelihoods. We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of mother-child pairs in 2017–18 (n = 1609) and 2019–20 (n = 1841). We matched treatment groups over time and applied difference-in-difference (DID) regression models to estimate NI impacts. Outcomes assessed: (1) common mental disorder symptoms (CMD) (Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) score, 8 or higher) and (2) time use, constructed using 24-hour recall data. Time indicators were the proportion of time spent on productive work (employed, agricultural work), reproductive work (cooking, caring for children etc.), and time spent on social-leisure activities (hobbies, socializing). Results Overall, women were 25 years old with 5 years of education and worked 10.7 hours/day. CMD were reported by 17% of women. DID estimates showed that CMD prevalence doubled over time among women in STD areas but did not change in NI areas (P < 0.01). Compared to STD areas, women in NI areas reported a larger decrease in time spent on productive work (DID: −5 percentage points (pp); P < 0.01) and larger increases in time spent on reproductive work (DID: +5 pp; P < 0.01) and on social-leisure activities (DID: +22 minutes, P < 0.01). Conclusions A BCC intervention delivered through SHGs in rural India protected against a secular trend in declining mental health and shifted women's time from market work to domestic and social-leisure activities. These findings add to a growing evidence base on the effectiveness of group-based interventions to improve women's wellbeing in developing countries. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Políticas migratórias brasileiras e Filosofia Política: questões biopolíticas | Brazilian migration policies and political philosophy: biopolitical questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. e48132
Author(s):  
Anna Carolina Cunha Pinto ◽  
Marianna Borges Soares ◽  
Luís Antônio Cunha Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Over Time

O presente artigo visa resgatar algumas especificidades relativas às políticas migratórias brasileiras, fazendo referência a diferentes conjunturas históricas e políticas. Debater-se-á a construção de um determinado “tipo” de migrante que se buscou atrair e, ao mesmo tempo, outro “tipo” que se buscou repelir do território brasileiro ao longo do tempo, através do poder institucional do Estado forjado pelas leis. Tais dispositivos serão analisados levando em conta seu caráter eugênico e securitizatório, à luz do conceito da biopolítica.Palavras-chave: políticas migratórias, biopolítica, controle social.Abstract:This article aims to introduce some particularities related to Brazilian migration policies, in different historical and political contexts. The construction of a specific “type” of migrant that the State intended to attract will be discussed as well as another “type” of migrant that was repelled from Brazilian territory over time. This was conducted through the institutional power of the State. The analysis will take into account their eugenic and securitization characteristics, in light of the concept of biopolitics.Keywords: migration policies, biopolitics, social control. Recebido em: 31 jan. 2019 | Aceito em: 18 out. 2020.

scholarly journals Prescribing Sound: Willem Van de Wall and the Carceral Origins of American Music Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
J. Martin Vest
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
American Music ◽  
World War ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
Class Hierarchies ◽  
Bourgeois Modernity

From 1921 until 1936, musician Willem Van de Wall pioneered the modern use of therapeutic music in American prisons and psychiatric institutions. His therapy was steeped in the methods and philosophy of social control, and after World War II, it shaped the professionalizing field of music therapy. Van de Wall's influence reveals an overlooked connection between modern clinical practice and the techniques of control employed in prisons and psychiatric hospitals of the early twentieth century. Given music therapy's broader impact as an element of postwar self-help culture, its relationship to social control practices also disrupts longstanding scholarly ideas about the so-called “therapeutic ethos.” The therapeutic ethos did not originate solely in efforts by the middle classes to adjust to bourgeois modernity. The case of music therapy suggests that some elements of “therapeutic culture” were always coercive and always directed toward the maintenance of race, gender, and class hierarchies.

Confronting Online Extremism

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Costello ◽  
James Hawdon ◽  
Thomas N. Ratliff
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Youth And Young Adults

Who is likely to be a target of online hate and extremism? To answer this question, we use an online survey ( N = 963) of youth and young adults recruited from a demographically balanced sample of Americans. Adapting routine activity theory, we distinguish between actor-initiated social control (i.e., self-help), other-initiated social control (i.e., collective efficacy), and guardianship and show how self-help is positively related to the likelihood of being targeted by hate. Our findings highlight how online exposure to hate materials, target suitability, and enacting social control online all influence being the target of hate. Using social networking sites and encountering hate material online have a particularly strong relationship with being targeted with victim suitability (e.g., discussing private matters online, participating in hate online) and confronting hate also influencing the likelihood of being the target of hate speech.

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