scholarly journals The Effects of Publishing Processes on Scientific Thought. Typography and Typology in Prehistoric Archaeology (1950s–1990s)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Plutniak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Prehistoric Archaeology ◽  
Data Repositories ◽  
Editorial Policies ◽  
Publication Data ◽  
File Formats ◽  
Wide Scale

In the last decades, many changes have occurred in scientific publishing, including online publication, data repositories, file formats and standards. The role played by computers in this process rekindled the argument on forms of technical determinism. This paper addresses this old debate by exploring the case of publishing processes in prehistoric archaeology during the second part of the twentieth century, prior to the wide-scale adoption of computers. It investigates the case of a collective and international attempt to standardize the typological analysis of prehistoric lithic objects, coined typologie analytique by Georges Laplace and developed by a group of French, Italian, and Spanish researchers. The aim of this paper is to: 1) present a general bibliometric scenario of prehistoric archaeology publishing in continental Europe; 2) report on the little-known typologie analytique method in archaeology, using publications, archives, and interviews; 3) show how the publication of scientific production was shaped by social (editorial policies, support networks) and material (typography features and publication formats) constraints; and 4) highlight how actors founded resources to control and counterbalance these effects, namely by changing and improving publishing formats.

scholarly journals The effects of publishing processes on scientific thought: Typography and typology in prehistoric archaeology (1950s–1990s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-297
Author(s):  
Sébastien Plutniak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Prehistoric Archaeology ◽  
Data Repositories ◽  
Editorial Policies ◽  
Publication Data ◽  
File Formats ◽  
Wide Scale

ArgumentIn the last decades, many changes have occurred in scientific publishing, including online publication, data repositories, file formats and standards. The role played by computers in this process rekindled the argument on forms of technical determinism. This paper addresses this old debate by exploring the case of publishing processes in prehistoric archaeology during the second part of the twentieth century, prior to the wide-scale adoption of computers. It investigates the case of a collective and international attempt to standardize the typological analysis of prehistoric lithic objects, coined typologie analytique by Georges Laplace and developed by a group of French, Italian, and Spanish researchers. The aim of this paper is to: 1) present a general bibliometric scenario of prehistoric archaeology publishing in continental Europe; 2) report on the little-known typologie analytique method in archaeology, using publications, archives, and interviews; 3) show how the publication of scientific production was shaped by social (editorial policies, support networks) and material (typography features and publication formats) constraints; and 4) highlight how actors founded resources to control and counterbalance these effects, namely by changing and improving publishing formats.

The Search for a Permanent Channel: Environmental Transformation of the Dagu Bar, 1897-1928

2020 ◽  
pp. 009614422097612
Author(s):  
Ai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Water Projects ◽  
Chinese City ◽  
Environmental Transformation ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Water Conservancy ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Engineering Projects

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Haihe Conservancy Commission conducted a series of Western-style engineering projects to create a permanent bar channel in the Chinese city of Tianjin. Driven by modernist and imperialist conceptualizations of environment, these Western-style water projects transformed the Dagu sandbar with a wide scale of human intervention. This article traces historical trajectories of the Dagu Bar and argues that modern imaginations and practices of environmental transformation departed from Chinese imperial mode of water conservancy. Two twentieth-century engineering schemes, with successes and failures, transformed the coastal environment and played a pivotal role in creating a modern city port.

scholarly journals Beyond White Architecture: Therapeutic gardens for patients with tuberculosis in the sanatoria of the Greater Lisbon area (1870-1970)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
José Avelãs Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
International Networks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Therapeutic Gardens ◽  
Control Of Epidemics

Abstract This article discusses the concept of therapeutic garden— its definition and importance, — in the context of the specific architecture of sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis, in particular the case of Lisbon’s sanatoria from 1870 to 1970. It contemplates both national and international networks of circulation and transfer of knowledge before and after the medical and architectural revolutions at the turn of the twentieth century. These revolutions were accompanied by significant changes in the city’s structure concerning the control of epidemics and social diseases. Architects and physicians, among other experts, are the main characters to be scrutinized, alongside with their architectural and scientific production and their entanglements. At the same time, I seriously take into consideration their interactions with the spheres of power, specifically in what relates to management and decision making.

The Commodification of Chinese Women in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204
Author(s):  
Teresa Madueño Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Private Spaces ◽  
Sexual Services

There has been a patriarchal economic alliance between Spain and China in recent years, with the main victims being poor Chinese women without support networks and who are destined for prostitution in Spain. Twentieth century China, an important provider of goods, also supplies women to the Spanish prostitution market. This article is based on participant observation research in the private spaces related to Chinese prostitution in Madrid. Taking into account the prostitutes and their “managers” as primary information sources, we can know what is behind the advertising of Chinese prostitution to Spanish or non-Chinese buyers of sexual services, how this type of exchange works; we can also come to understand the protagonists’ life-stories through their own testimonies.

The quest for an absolute chronology in human prehistory: anthropologists, chemists and the fluorine dating method in palaeoanthropology

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW R. GOODRUM ◽  
CORA OLSON
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Prehistoric Archaeology ◽  
Fossil Bone ◽  
Argon Dating ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Absolute Dating ◽  
Dating Method

AbstractBy the early twentieth century there was a growing need within palaeoanthropology and prehistoric archaeology to find a way of dating fossils and artefacts in order to know the age of specific specimens, but more importantly to establish an absolute chronology for human prehistory. The radiocarbon and potassium–argon dating methods revolutionized palaeoanthropology during the last half of the twentieth century. However, prior to the invention of these methods there were attempts to devise chemical means of dating fossil bone. Collaborations between Emile Rivière and Adolphe Carnot in the 1890s led to the development of the fluorine dating method, but it was not until the 1940s that this method was improved and widely implemented by Kenneth Oakley to resolve a number of problems in palaeoanthropology, including the Piltdown Man controversy. The invention of the fluorine dating method marked a significant advance in the quest for absolute dating in palaeoanthropology, but it also highlights interesting problems and issues relating to the ability of palaeoanthropologists and chemists to bring together different skills and bodies of knowledge in order successfully to develop and apply the fluorine dating method.

Beware the Hype of Digital Publishing

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin G. Hicks ◽  
Carsten Kettner
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Digital Publishing ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Data Repositories

AbstractScientific publishing is changing; Open Access allows for published information to be freely shared, and Open Data repositories [

scholarly journals Las investigaciones sobre la historia de las universidades en Italia. Un balance historiográfico del siglo pasado = Research on the History of Universities in Italy. A Historiographical Overview of the Last Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigiaurelio Pomante
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Educación Superior ◽  
Educacion Superior ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
History Of Universities ◽  
The University ◽  
Siglo Xx

Resumen:  Este trabajo tiene la intención de reconstruir la historia de la historiografía de la Universidad italiana de los últimos cien años. Desde los primeros intentos de principios del siglo XX en algunas de las universidades más antiguas por crear organismos y estructuras para la investigación en la educación superior, la obra recorre las etapas más importantes de un itinerario donde poco a poco se han multiplicado las oportunidades para la discusión entre los estudiosos de toda la península. Desde los años noventa del siglo pasado dicha investigación sin lugar a dudas vivió un momento de especial florecimiento y renovación de cuyo trabajo se da ampliamente cuenta. Sobre la base de un considerable número de conferencias organizadas en varias ciudades italianas y de una cantidad notable de producciones científicas sobre el tema de la educación superior en Italia, se analizan los avances metodológicos más importantes y las principales perspectivas de investigación y se descubren nuevas e interesantes categorías hermenéuticas.Abstract: his paper intends to reconstruct a history of the Italian university historiography of the last hundred years. Since the early attempts of the early twentieth century started in some of the oldest universities to create organisms for research and structures in higher education, the work retraces the most important stages of a process in which have progressively offer many opportunities for discussion between experts in this sector of the entire Peninsula. Since the nineties of the last century these researches have undoubtedly experienced a moment of particular flowering and renewal whose work gives ample account. On the basis of a considerable number of conferences organized in various Italian cities and a considerable amount of scientific production on the theme of higher education in Italy, will therefore analyze the most significant methodological and the mostrecent perspectives of research and identify new and interesting categories hermeneutical.Palabras clave: historia de la universidad, educación superior, historiografía, bibliografía, Italia, siglos XX-XXI.Keywords: history of the university, higher education, historiography, bibliography, Italy, XX-XXI Centuries. 

Report of the Committee on Scholarly Editions

PMLA ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-897
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medieval Romance ◽  
Editorial Policies ◽  
Spanish Novel ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Scholarly Editing ◽  
Almost All

The Committee on Scholarly Editions offers numerous and varied services to editors and publishers of any kind of work or document—in print or in manuscript, in any language, from any period. In offering these services, the committee recognizes that varying editorial projects require varying editorial policies and procedures. A nineteenth-century Spanish novel and an English diplomat's papers clearly require different treatments, as do a twentieth-century poem and a medieval romance. Editing a work that survives in variant texts is different from editing the only extant text of another. The committee believes, however, that some issues are common to almost all scholarly editing and that these issues—both theoretical and practical—can be clarified and focused through communication among persons from widely varying fields.

scholarly journals Are Research Datasets FAIR in the Long Run?

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 294-305
Author(s):  
Dennis Wehrle ◽  
Klaus Rechert
Keyword(s):  
Risk Model ◽  
State Level ◽  
Structural Representation ◽  
Data Repositories ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Long Run ◽  
File Formats ◽  
Public Repositories ◽  
Access To Data

Currently, initiatives in Germany are developing infrastructure to accept and preserve dissertation data together with the dissertation texts (on state level – bwDATA Diss1, on federal level – eDissPlus2). In contrast to specialized data repositories, these services will accept data from all kind of research disciplines. To ensure FAIR data principles (Wilkinson et al., 2016), preservation plans are required, because ensuring accessibility, interoperability and re-usability even for a minimum ten year data redemption period can become a major challenge. Both for longevity and re-usability, file formats matter. In order to ensure access to data, the data’s encoding, i.e. their technical and structural representation in form of file formats, needs to be understood. Hence, due to a fast technical lifecycle, interoperability, re-use and in some cases even accessibility depends on the data’s format and our future ability to parse or render these. This leads to several practical questions regarding quality assurance, potential access options and necessary future preservation steps. In this paper, we analyze datasets from public repositories and apply a file format based long-term preservation risk model to support workflows and services for non-domain specific data repositories. 1 BwDATADiss-bw Data for Dissertations:https://www.alwr-bw.de/kooperationen/bwdatadiss/ 2EDissPlusDFG-Project – Electronic Dissertations Plus:https://www2.hu-berlin.de/edissplus/

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